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Item Early detection of potato leaf disease using convolutional neural network.(UMT Lahore, 2024-07-31) Taha Shabbir; Amna Ilyas; Afifa Islam; Zainab Irshad.Agriculture often is the only source of income in several countries with the losses of crops due to diseases. These ailments make the whole yield be obliterated by going after the harvests at various stages. It, therefore, dictates that farmers should be in a position to identify the particular disease that has attacked their crops to "save the crops" and thus increase their production. In any case, since there are so many sorts of ailments, it may be very provoking for ranchers to distinguish which kind has contaminated their yield. Here, in the project, we can study about the diseases that are going to affect the leaf. Potato development encounters serious obstructions with leaf diseases, influencing result and quality. Traditional detection methods are often imprecise and require a lot of human effort. The following research thus proposes an exciting approach for the early identification of potato leaf diseases that makes use of convolutional neural networks. The main objective is to create a reliable cnn model in order to classify diseases using images of potato-leaf diseases, which are trained by a dataset. The main goal is to create a reliable cnn model that can accurately classify diseases using image of potato leaf diseases that have been trained on a dataset. Further, this involves a user-friendly web application providing an easy interface for farmers and agricultural experts to submit photos of leaves in exchange for fast diagnosis results. The cnn architecture consists of convolutional layers for feature extraction and dense layers for classification. All of these layers are finely tuned through a rigorous training process. Model evaluation results manifest how well this model recognizes the different diseases potatoes have on leaves.Item Optimization(UMT Lahore, 2024-08-06) Maleeha Shahid; Asima NawazIn order to conduct an economic study of broiler poultry farms, a survey was conducted in the Lower Dir area in 2015. The purposive sample approach was used to choose four tehsils: Adinzai, Balambat, Timergara, and Sumerbagh. From these tehsils, 92 farms were chosen at random from 460 poultry farms. The sample farms were divided into three groups: small, medium, and big. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and gross margin. The average total cost of a small poultry farm was Rs.3, 10, 067 per flock, while medium and large farms cost Rs.4, 99,002 and Rs.7, 34,290, respectively. The biggest cost was projected for feed, followed by the cost of chicks. The average gross margin of small farms was Rs.38, 556, while that of medium and large farms were Rs.62, 844 and Rs.89,261, respectively. Despite high mortality rates, large-scale chicken farms were found to have the largest net benefits. Proper immunization and therapy were advised to reduce losses owing to excessive mortality, particularly in large enterprises.Item Comprehensive study of tangent plane and its applications(UMT Lahore, 2024-09-02) ABDULLAH HASSANThe comprehensive study of tangent planes holds significant national importance in that it advances engineering, technology, and industry processes as the means to economic growth and innovation. The role of the tangent plane in making accurate mathematical models used in the design and optimization of infrastructure like bridges, highways, and buildings for their safety and efficiency is very crucial. This contributes to the development of dependable and sustainable structures necessary for any national infrastructure. In technology and manufacturing, having some level of understanding about tangent planes can help in the designing of better systems and processes to bring about cost reduction with enhanced product quality. With such advancement, the competitive edge of any nation can be bolstered in global markets, helping along industrial innovation. These mathematical concepts also become very important for educational and research institutions that enable the availability of an able workforce which will help drive further technological innovations in the time to come. Moreover, from the point of view of sustainable development, with the application of mathematical modeling by using tangent planes, a number of more eco-friendly solutions can be devised, like optimized consumption of energy in buildings and transport. It is through the use of these modern mathematical methods that the nations will be able to gain sustainable growth, reduce environmental impacts, and enhance the quality of life for the citizens in order to become leaders both in technological and environmental respect.Item The nature of space-time(UMT Lahore, 2024-07) Abu BakarThis work explores the fundamental concepts, historical developments, and modern applications of space-time. Beginning with an introduction to the nature of space and time as distinct yet interwoven dimensions, it examines Einstein’s theories of special and general relativity and their groundbreaking implications for physics. Mathematical formulations such as Lorentz transformations, time dilation, and length contraction are discussed, along with their experimental verifications. The study extends into applications across engineering, marine sciences, astrophysics, planetary sciences, climate studies, and advanced technologies, highlighting how the curvature of space-time influences natural phenomena and modern innovations. The research emphasizes that space-time is not only a theoretical construct but also a practical tool in scientific and technological advancements.