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Item Bakhtin beyond the novel(UMT Lahore, 2016) SOBIA ILYASThe study aims to explore Bakhtin's theories: Heteroglossia, Carnival and Dialogism in wider contexts by enlarging upon their role in the novel and giving them broader applications. In doing so, they are effectively applied to Samuel Beckett's play, 'Waiting for Godot' , proving their worth in a genre as diverse as. The Theatre of The Absurd, which possesses none of the structural finesse and the stylistic beauty of the novel. The study draws upon Bakhtin's traditional use of Heteroglossia: as a tool for examining the contentious voices of polyphonic novels and enlarges it to explore the voices that denote the dynamics of social systems: power, resistance, identity and solidarity in Waitingfor Godot. Bakhtin and Becket are brought together on the basis of their shared ideologies and language philosophies. The most prominent being, their notion oi voices, as being independent but fusible and their belief in the unfinalizibilty of all forms of art and life. A collaboration of Bakhtin and Beckett proved enriching for both writers. It gave a broader vision to Beckett's existentialist views. Contrary to the pessimism usually associated with him, we see a progressive aspect of Beckett's ideology, in his elevation of man and in his anticipation of hope and betterment for the world. The collaboration also proved empowering for Bakhtin, in displaying his influence over areas such as Cultural Studies, Sociolinguistics and Anthropology. It is hoped that the study will contribute to Bakhtin's rising status in the field of Sociolinguistics.Item Dialectical relational analysis of power and resistance in the oscar winning documentaries on acid victims and honour killing(UMT Lahore, 2016) ASMA MANZOORThis study aimed to explore power differential between genders by focusing on the discourses of power and resistance in Chinoy’s documentary films on acid victims and honour killing. The feminists’ perspective on gender and patriarchal social structure provided theoretical foundations to understand the nature of gender in relation to social institutions in Pakistan. The concept of power and resistance is delineated in the light of Foucault’s theory of power to determine the power relations between men and women. The data were collected from two films ‘Saving Face’ and ‘A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness’ by Shermeen Obaid Chinoy. Fairclough’s version of CDA was applied to analyse selected discourses of men and women in the films. The results revealed that language is a tool to enact power relations between genders through the ideology of honour which are fluid and context specific as well as linked with other social hierarchies’ e.g. socio-economic and educational status. Power and resistance exist together in the same body. The findings show power is negative and productive, the former refers to oppression and the later indicates resistance. Resistance manifests positive aspect of power that contests oppression to enhance equal power relations between genders. It is hoped that this study would contribute in the existing scholarship on the nature of power and on-going research on discourses and power relations between genders.Item Rejuvenating lost communication of the patient with broca’s aphasia through script training(UMT Lahore, 2016) Nadir Ali ShahAll treatment approaches for aphasic disorders that have positive outcomes are either traditional, focusing linguistic ability or functional, concentrating communicative competence. This study investigates treatment approach, script training which combines the both aspects. Script training attempts to restore automatic, natural and unforced context-specific speech production for patients with Broca‟s aphasia. To examine results of script training intervention a single subject multiple baseline research design across behaviors was used to conduct the study. The purpose of this study was to explore outcomes of script training on production of intelligible scripted words, rate of speaking and errors production for single participant with severe Broca‟s aphasia. Script training intervention delivered in-session and via video recorded clips for home practice. The participant learned all scripts successively and achieved mastery. The probes were obtained during baseline, treatment, maintenance and generalization phases of the study for tracking the spoken use of scripted content. The participant showed improvement on all dependent variables across all six scripts, with the largest increase in percent intelligible scripted words. Large effect size was reported for words per minute and small for errors per words. He also demonstrated functional use of learned scripts in less structured conversational context. The result of the study showed that video recorded sessions of script training added positively to the positive effects of in-session treatment. The use of self-cuing strategy, participant‟s motivation for treatment and severity level of disorder influenced his performance. The findings of this study propose script training intervention as an effective therapy for rejuvenating lost communication of patients with severe Broca‟s aphasia.Item Urdu newspapers anglicized in pakistan – a corpus based study(UMT Lahore, 2016)In Pakistani society, English loanwords are frequently used in spoken discourse. This has now moved to written discourse as well. This corpus-based study aimed to explore the extent of the use of English loanwords in Pakistani Urdu newspapers. An expected outcome was to generate newly verifiable data of any English words if being used in Pakistani Urdu newspapers and to find out if they had Urdu alternatives available or not. The data was collected from four Pakistani Urdu newspapers and a corpus of more than 2600 words was developed. Content categories were created and with the help of Natural language toolkit, the data was analyzed as per different classifications. The results revealed that Pakistani Urdu newspapers are being Anglicized and majority of the loanwords happen to be nouns. These loanwords do have their Urdu alternatives available. The analysis showed that this tendency is alike in all newspapers and also it is not confined to any specific news section. The findings are certainly encouraging and paving the way for future research. It is hoped that the study will contribute to the growing literature on corpus-based Urdu studies.Item Analyzing errors in the use of inflectional morphemes by pakistani young learners(UMT Lahore, 2016) Maria Fatima DogarThe research on acquisition of inflectional morphology in languages has been an area of great interest for the last 40 years. Learners that achieve the high level of proficiency in L2 feel uncertainty when it comes to grammatical inflections. The present study employs Error analysis to identify deviations from the target language and proposes the more or less problematic Inflectional morphemes. The data that comprised of 24 creative writing journals of grade 5 students from Sicas Lahore was analyzed manually by the researcher. The frequency and percentage were calculated in order to find the accuracy level of the English inflectional morphemes. Moreover, the scatter plots were analyzed to reflect upon the pattern of use of each inflectional morpheme by individual students. It is found that there is a wide gap in the mastery of the inflectional morphemes. The most frequent inflectional morpheme is the plural morpheme. Present participial has dominance over the other verb forms. Scatter plots of the past tense and subject verb agreement reflect that both of them are in the hypothesis testing phase of the error analysis but the frequency of past tense inflection is almost five folds to the frequency of the subject-verb agreement inflection. This indicates that subject- verb agreement poses more problems for the learners. The comparative degree, superlative degree and the possessive inflection have minimal occurrences but percentage accuracy is very high. That is the most striking finding of the present studyItem Women’s preferred linguistic choices in pakistani context(UMT Lahore, 2016) SALMAN KHALILThe purpose of this study was to explore the linguistic choices of Pakistani women using Urdu language. The linguistic choices of Pakistani women were also compared and contrasted with those described by Lackoff (1975). The data for this study was collected through the recordings of Pakistani talk shows and interviews downloaded from the internet. Three female participants were chosen for the study. The participants did not use the following during their conversation: self corrected grammar, indirect questions, tag questions and hedging devices. However, they did ask direct questions. Hence, the linguistic choices made by Pakistani women did not correspond to those of Lakoff (1975). Moreover, these linguistic choices proved not to be conscious choices that were related to a different speech style. Hence, the study rendered the fact that women in the Pakistani society were not in a subordinate position on the basis of the results of their linguistic choices, which were contrary to the results of Lakoff, R (1975) model of study. She claimed that women made self correction in grammar, asked indirect questions, used more hedging devices and used more tag questions and did not ask direct questions because of having a subordinate position in society. However, the findings of the study showed that in Pakistani perspective, women did not indulge into these practices and asked direct questions as they enjoyed equal status.Item Violation of maxims of grice’s cooperative principle (cp) by pakistani politicians in tv talk shows(UMT Lahore, 2016) Safeena QayyumThis research investigates and analyzes the violation of Maxims of Grice’s Cooperative Principle (CP) by Pakistani politicians in Urdu TV talk shows. Special attention is paid to politicians’ deliberate violation of Maxim of Relevance and resort to the technique of squabbling and bickering mostly to avoid referencing their incompetence and corruption. Further, the claim that the violations are intentional and purposeful ploys on the politicians’ part to neutralize potential harm to their reputations is justified by extraordinary frequency of such phenomena as the anchors’ lack of success in their overt attempts to ensure better adherence to the maxims of the said principle. Both Qualitative and Quantitative research methods are employed to analyze the participants’ conversations, with tables and graphs indicating the frequency of relevant, partly relevant and irrelevant answers. The findings of the study point out that the frequency of irrelevant answers is quite high, politicians manipulate the conversation to achieve certain goals, it also highlight the fact that the conversation becomes ineffective when there is a violation of the maxims of Grice’s CP. The study will be helpful for the students of media studies and language and communication as it stresses the significance of effective communication.Item Nature and frequency of code mixing in spoken discourse of public and private institutions of lahore(UMT Lahore, 2016) Fouzia AzizThe study aims to inspect the nature and frequency of English, Urdu code-mixing among the male and female students of universities of Lahore with specific reference to eight parts of speech as linguistic variables. Data for this research is collected from eight major Universities of Lahore. The design is mixed method. Forty respondents were interviewed, and their discourse was recorded, and then transcribed. The researcher counted the number of words which had been borrowed from English. Next, the researcher classified the borrowed words into parts of speech and analyzed how the respondents had tried to adjust different English parts of speech into Urdu structure. Bar graph is used to find the difference in frequency of mixing code, Pie graph is used to find out the differences in percentages after getting the result of specific parts of speech. It examines the linguistic phenomenon of code mixing among the overall students and with respect to gender also. The researcher observed substantial difference in the percentage, and the way each of the eight parts of speech were mixed in Urdu sentences. The most frequently mixed parts of speech was noun. The rest of them are arranged in the descending order: verbs, Adjectives, pronouns, conjunction,preposition, adverbs and articles. It is also found that in some universities males seem to use nouns in code-mixing relatively higher than females and in some universities females tend to use higher amounts of code-mixing. Moreover, the present linguistic environment of the country provides space for interaction between national and international language (English). With this situation, code-mixing occurs adequately that is highlighted through the present study. This study will not only focus code-mixing frequency in the educational field, but also gives ways for research in other social domains of language to know the code-mixing ratio.Item Evaluation and redesigning of english textbook of 5th class published by ptb(UMT Lahore, 2016) Yasmeen ZafarThe purpose of the present research is to evaluate and further redesign the English Language curse book for grade five published by the Punjab Textbook Board (TPB). The research aims to observe the state f learning the English Language at the primary level with respect to the syllabus designed by the government of Pakistan and as well as the application of pedagogical skills in the part of teachers in the teaching of English. Thus this study mainly focuses on the Textbook of English and the Methodology adopted by the teachers for teaching f English in the public sector schools of the Punjab. The objectives are to evaluate the teaching content present in the English book of grade 5 published by the Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore, t highlight strengths and drawbacks present in the curse book by designing criteria for evaluation, to revamp the contents of the book in the light of students’ requirements, to explore possibilities to integrate new and interesting activities for English Language Learning in the book and to redesign some of the contents and activities to serve as a more useful resource. The researcher has used the instrument of interview to get the opinion f the teachers who are teaching the book. The researcher has also given an analysis of the book through the process of evaluation. The findings of the study have shown that the book in its present state does not fulfill the objectives of teaching English. The drawbacks of the book are that it focuses on reading and writing and ignores the other skills. It lacks the interesting activities to absorb the attention of the learners. In the light of the findings of the interview and evaluation of the book by the researcher herself, the researcher has redesigned most of the lessons of the book. These lessons are attached at the end which may help in improving the quality of the book.