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Item Power quality comparison between conventional power distribution and modern smart distributed generation(UMT.Lahore, 2020) Abid Ali DogarDomestic and industrial users for the sake of green, reliable, secure, sustainable and self-sufficiency are observing a rapidly increasing trend towards the use of renewable energy sources (RES) based systems for electric power generation(EPG). These scenar- ios have been regularized within the national and international electric power market with the concept of the introduction of a modern smart electric power generation sys- tem named distributed generation (DG). Now-a-days, DG’s play a vital role in energy sector not only in terms of providing power as a backup but also helpful in the reduction of CO2 level globally, decreasing dependency upon the conventional source of power generation (i.e burning fossil fuel, natural gas) and reducing the generation cost. So, along with these benefits, govern- ment incentive has further boosted the trend of using RES as a generating source in the modern smart power sector. However, unplanned and arbitrary placement of these static renewable generating sources (SRGS) into the conventional power distribution system will create several critical impacts on the system in terms of power quality (PQ) and system stability (SS). In this context, the author has been conducted a comprehensive research to eval- uate and analyze these dynamic PQ impacts in both Scenarios (with and without the integration of these RES i.e photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy (WE) into the power distribution system (PDS)) in order to find out the most appropriate, effective and ef- ficient controlling mechanism for the resolution of these integration problems. PQ has been analyzed in both scenarios by performing one of the widely used iterative meth- ods of solving non-linear equations called Newton Raphson (N-R) Method [1][2] due to their robustness nature and fast convergence. a) Load flow study (LFS) or Load flow analysis (LFA) is being performed using N-R method[1], to analyze the operational be-havior of the system during the steady-state conditions. b) Transient stability analysis (TSA) is being performed using a stochastic based adaptive (N-R) method, to see the impacts of the transient in power system in terms of voltage profile (VP) and system stability. c) Harmonic analysis (HA) is being performed to visualize the influence of high RES concentration into the power system at distribution level by adopting the point of common coupling (PCC) or common node method (CNM) in terms of voltage and current profile. In the end, the critical analysis was performed based on the results extracted from both Scenarios (with and without the integration of RES). Comparing the results and visualize them together to see the impacts on PQ(both positive and negative) in different operating conditions i.e (steady-state and transient state condition and percentage of harmonics by following IEEE 519-1992 and IEEE 519-2014), which revealed that the unplanned and arbitrary integration of these RES in power system (PS) at distribution level make the system more complex and unreliable in operation.Item Islanding detection strategy for multiple distributed generations(UMT.Lahore, 2020) Muhammad FurqanIslanding is the condition in the distributed generator (DG) in which the network becomes disconnected from the main grid and the system still energized the islanded network. Islanding operation has been an unwanted process because it is harmful to the environment and personnel, as well as damages the load connections and harms the network equipment. Therefore, it was important to identify the islanded operation by using multiple distributed generation in the power system. In this research, a new technique has been proposed to detect the islanded condition. In the proposed technique two DG units, main bus bar voltage, and wind farms power generation are used. Simulation results have been obtained under different islanded and non-islanded conditions by using MATLAB. The proposed algorithm proves to be efficient and has no non-detection zone (NDZ). This passive technique is best because the algorithm is easy to implement. Keywords: Islanding, Islanding operation, Distributed generation (DG), Non-detection zone (NDZ) and Matlab.Item Modeling and fault detection in pv array using current-voltage sensing framework(UMT.Lahore, 2020) Nida RehmanRenewable energy plays a vital role for reducing global warming, CO2 emission, and increasing demand for electricity in the world. Currently, different renewable energy sources (RES) based power generation such as PV, wind, biomass, tidal, fuel cells, and EV are used within national and international electric power market. Public power production participation has boosted the trend of reliability, security, efficiency, and sustainability of energy generation like Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems (SPVES). In this context, comprehensive analysis-based research has been conducted to evaluate, analyze, and simulate the real-time faults on the PV system for measuring and monitoring the system’s performance and efficiency under different operating conditions. To enhance the overall system performance and efficiency, different faults detection techniques are used such as, open circuit fault, partial shading, short circuit fault, and worst-case scenario. For the purpose of protection, reliability, and high output performance of PV plants, different PV modules are modeled with the novel current and voltage detection approach. Detecting the real-time based current and voltage values under fault conditions, a comprehensive fault detection algorithm is proposed to measure the signal values under different operating conditions. Although three distinct issues have been recognized and analyzed like open circuit fault, partial shading, short circuit, and worst-case scenario using the proposed fault detection algorithm. In the end, for measuring and monitoring of the permanent damage of cells and their negative impacts in terms of output energy efficiency of the entire PV system, the test model has been designed and simulated in MATLAB software. Comparing the results together extracted in the form of I-V curves and P-V curves with the normal operating values for the analysis of numerous defective conditions, nature of faults, faulty zones, and different voltage and current values in the model. The proposed approach can achieve the maximum efficiency of fault detection even under the limited number of sensors to keep the system simple, secure, efficient, reliable, and effective.Item Parametric modeling and performance analysis of combined cycle power plant(UMT.Lahore, 2020) Sohail IftikharElectrical energy is very critical for the financial growth of any state or country. As the economy flourishes, the need for more electric energy is required to fulfill the needs of its people in different fields of life. New electric power plants installations results in heavy costs; thus, it requires using the existing power stations efficiently and economically. This research work provides standard testing techniques and methodology for the determination of the electrical output and performance of combined cycle thermal power plants (CCPP) and operating/maintaining the plant efficiently. This study leads to the establishment of the performance results, such as Corrected / Un-Corrected Gross Power Output Corrected / Un-Corrected Net Power Output Corrected / Un-Corrected Gross Heat Rate or Efficiency (HHV & LHV Basis) Corrected / Un-Corrected Net Heat Rate or Efficiency (HHV & LHV Basis) These performance parameters are deduced after correcting the impact of ambient temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, fuel calorific value, fuel supply temperature, grid frequency, power factor, steam leakages of steam cycle, and cooling water temperature collectively at the same time, to the reference site conditions. For the performance analysis of CCPP, Korangi Power Complex (KPC) having 248 MW capacity 4+2+2 configuration with thermal efficiency ranges from 47 to 50% on the higher heating value basis, has been studied. The testing conditions are corrected to reference conditions like 30 °C temperature, 60 % humidity, 1.10325 bars barometric pressure etc. It was inferred from the research work that with an increase of 4.85 0C ambient temperature, 10.55 % relative humidity, 7.58 0C fuel supply temperature, 7.22 0C condenser cooling water temperature, 6 tones blowdown of HRSG and decrease of 10.1 mbar barometric pressure as compared to the designed conditions or RSC of the plant, the complex reduces its capacity of 16.16 MW and increase the heat rate of 82.19 BTU/kWh or reduces the efficiency of 0.407 % which hammers the financial condition of the plant to a great extent. Electrical power output and heat rate analysis of thermal power plants focuses on identifying efficiency gaps and implementing actions to eliminate the factors that decreases efficiency. In addition, the research work also provides the individual impact of several different parameters, quantitatively and qualitatively, which may affects the performance of any power plant specifically re-gasified liquefied natural gas based CCPP. These parameters include temperature, pressure, humidity, power factors, fuel calorific value, grid frequency, fuel supply temperature, cooling water temperature etc. Keywords: Performance Test, Thermal Power Plant, RLNG based CCPP, Heat Rate, Power OutputItem Applying polar codes to improve Li-fi system performance(UMT.Lahore, 2020) Muhammad Omer RazaThe demand for increase bandwidth and high speed in communication field has motivated researchers and scientist alike to work on making an efficient visible light communication system. But there are currently no efficient Li-Fi systems available for commercial use. This thesis has explored the avenue of implementing and evaluating Polar Code Error Correction Technique in Li-Fi systems. Polar Codes are a linear block error correcting code and in recent years have being adopted in many other systems due to promising efficiency. In this research, a Li-Fi system has been simulated and observed under indoor and outdoor environment conditions. The simulation environment was developed in MATLAB and the results are concluded in two case scenarios, notably in polar block size and environment based conditions. It was observed from the results that larger polar block size was stable and less noisy in both environmental stimuli due to the large number of polarized virtual channels. The results are also compared with currently widespread used IM/DD modulation technique and the Polar Codes are shown to have better performance than IM/DD technique. The conclusion is drawn as that the implementation of Polar Codes in Li-Fi system is viable solution but the larger polar block size is better at performance as compared to small block size.