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Item Sources & level of work stress: study of businesses in Lahore(UMT.Lahore, 2011) Khuram ShahzadThis thesis aims to provide an insight of the sources and level of work stress present in the business organizations operating in Lahore, a metropolitan city of Pakistan. Differences among demographic groups in work stress experiences are also investigated. Individuals from management positions participated in this study. Data is collected from private sector organizations by using survey method. Six factors namely role ambiguity, role conflict, quantitative role overload, qualitative role overload, career development, and responsibility for others as identified by literature as potential sources of work stress are taken for this study. Gender, age, experience, and education are taken as demographic variables to identify the differences among individuals in level and sources of works stress. All the variables in instrument score high on reliability tests. Results reveed that 87% of the employees have experienced moderate to high level of work stress because of the mentioned stressors. In general, all the factors used in this study cause employees above average level of work stress. However, events related to responsibility for others and career development, are found as the most stressful factors. Whereas role ambiguity is found to cause the least amount of work stress. Significant differences in level of work stress against different sources of work stress are also found across gender, length of experience, and age.Item Implementation of telemedicine using pacs in Developing countries(UMT.Lahore, 2011) Zafar IqbalHealthcare is the most fundamental right of every human. Developing countries such as Pakistan are facing healthcare crisis. Main problems include poor infrastructure of facilities and economic conditions, insufficient means of diagnosis, scarcity of expert doctors and low doctor-patient communication. As a result, the healthcare problems are increasing, and the prevention, treatment and curing of the acute and common diseases have become difficult to unmanageable extent. Therefore, to minimize the healthcare problems in developing countries, there is a dire need of developing an effective healthcare system at minimal cost. Over the years technologies have provided extra intelligent and versatile solutions to many large and complex problems and now it has also been successfully used inhealthcare domain. Therefore it appears that Telemedicine is the best solution to problems of healthcare. Telemedicine provides the most effective and economical solution to the better health care in both urban and rural areas. Existing Telemedicine solutions are without Picture Archiving & Communication System (PACS), so they have less ability to diagnose diseases, they are unable to reduce or even maintain the doctor to patient ratio. This thesis has put a specific focus of Telemedicine and PACS integration to considerably reduce the doctor to patient ratio in developing countries.Teleradiology is the most crucial in diagnosing the various diseases and this thesis proposes the use of Teleradiology in Telemedicine which accounts for a minimum of 50% of all telemedicine setup & usage. Teleradiology is the e-transmission of images of the patients, which include X-ray, CT scan. Ultrasound, Mammography, MRI, cardiology imaging, and nuclear medicine imaging etc. Two major purposes of this transmission are interpretation and consultation. Radiologists are becoming a very scarce resource in medical field. The imaging procedures are growing very high annually, round the globe, against a very little increase in the radiologists' population. Imaging plays a very vital role in health care and is extensively used for the diagnosis of diseases. Medical images are of very heavy sizes (as compared to the medical textual data), so they are difficult to handle over the local network and internet. Therefore, this thesis put a rigid and specific focus on compression, transmission, and interpretation of medical imaging; and their related protocols & systems such as Radiology Information System (RIS), Digital Imaging & Communication in Medicine (DICOM), Picture Archiving & Communication System (PACS), Health Level 7 (HL7), and many other network technologies. This thesis demonstrates a case study showing the feasibility and implementation of the Teleradiology solution for the healthcare problems, discussed earlier.