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Item Synthesis and characterization of Tin Dioxide (SnO2)(UMT, Lahore, 2025) MAREENAThe energy demand is very high all around world and the harmful impact of fossil fuels on the environment make us to move to energy systems that are not just efficient but also sustainable for a long time period. Supercapacitors are becoming more prominent due to different properties like rapid charging, comparable high power performance, and long life span. The high performance of these devices depend upon the electrode material that is used. This research work is based on synthesizing and characterization of SnO2 nanomaterials because they have a high potential due to electrical, structural, and physical properties. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) confirms the presence of a well-defined crystalline structure, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed a consistent, porous surface and facilitate the ions diffusion and charge storage. These structural properties enhance the durability, positioning, and electrochemical performance of SnO2 as a promising candidate for the next generation supercapacitors. This research shows how nanostructure metal oxide help in clean and sustainable systems of renewable energy for future use.Item Structural and electrochemical characterization of MoS2/316-L stainless steel electrodes for efficient water splitting(UMT, Lahore, 2025) MARYAM AHSANThe thesis investigates the structure-activity relationship between 316L stainless steel and MoS2 thin films developed using chemical vapor deposition in response to the requirement of earth-abundant electrocatalysts to pursue water separation. In order to sulfurize the films, the X rays diffraction characteristic was employed and the films, heated at a temperature ranging between 650 to 750oC were subjected to cyclic voltammetry at the potentials referenced to RHE. The XRD shows traces of MoO3, however, increased temperature gives more clear evidence of MoS2 and a smaller crystal shape. The study shows that the increase in sulfurization temperatures coincide with a better performance of electrodes regarding HER. Improvements are credited to total conversion of phases, and densities of edge sites which are catalytically reachable, and also, better couplings with substrates electronically. Altogether, the findings reveal 750oC sulfurization as the most efficient one in the experimented window, forming 316L stainless steel as low-costs environment to MoS2 electrocatalysts. These results confirm the scalability of MoS2/steel electrodes and the attainability of green-hydrogen systems and encourage subsequent studies of morphology connection-performance relationships, stability, and complete kinetics.Item Synthesis and characterization of Cu-MOF(UMT, Lahore, 2025) TEHREEM FAKHARThe fast exhaustion of fossil fuels and the growing energy demand in the world has led to the need to come up with efficient, renewable and eco-friendly energy storage systems. The supercapacitors are one of the technologies that have received a lot of attention because of their high power density, high charge discharge rate, and long cycle life. Their performance is however very much dependent on the electrode material employed. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) due to their high surface area, tunable pore structure, and high chemical stability have become promising electrode materials of the next-generation supercapacitor. In the study, copper metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) was effectively prepared by a simple solvothermal synthesis with copper nitrate trihydrate and terephthalic acid in a solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-ethanol mixture. It was selected based on the synthesis pathway as it was simple and cost-effective with the capacity to make well-defined crystalline structures. The synthesized Cu-MOF was examined using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis verified the crystalline structure of Cu-MOF whose average crystallite size was around 27nm and d-spacing was 0.96nm. The morphology was found to be porous and almost spherical with the help of SEM images. Comprehensively, the research has shown that the easily prepared Cu-MOF is one of the most promising electrode materials in supercapacitors which combine to a great deal in terms of high capacitance, structural stability, and green synthesis, which can be applied in future energy storage systems.