Civil

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A comparative study on effect of curing temperature on the properties of silica fume concrete
(UMT. Lahore, 2025) Muhammad Haris; Ans Aziz; Zohaib Ahmed; Shayan Tariq
This thesis investigates the influence of curing temperature on the mechanical and physical properties of concrete incorporating silica fume as a partial cement replacement. Silica fume, known for its pozzolanic reactivity and ability to enhance concrete strength and durability, was evaluated under various curing conditions including ambient curing, steam curing, and water curing. The experimental findings of this study demonstrate that incorporating silica fume as a partial replacement of cement significantly influences the strength development and workability of concrete. It was observed that higher dosages of silica fume negatively affect workability due to increased water demand, attributed to its high fineness and surface area. However, replacement levels between 5% and 15% yielded the most favorable results, offering an optimal balance between workability and compressive strength. At early ages (3 days), concrete mixes within this replacement range showed improved strength development, indicating the initiation of the pozzolanic reaction. This trend is consistent with previously published literature and confirms that silica fume enhances early-age performance without compromising fresh properties when used in moderate quantities. Moreover, the strength of concrete continued to increase at 28 days, as the pozzolanic reaction became more pronounced over time, contributing to a denser microstructure and higher compressive strength. Additionally, curing at elevated temperatures (such as 37°C) was found to accelerate the rate of hydration and pozzolanic activity, resulting in higher early-age strength compared to curing at ambient or lower temperatures. Overall, the study concludes that 5–15% silica fume replacement, combined with proper temperature-controlled curing conditions, can significantly enhance the mechanical properties of concrete, especially in strength development, while maintaining acceptable workability.
A comparative study on strength
(UMT. Lahore, 2025) Ali Riaz; Umair Ahmed Qureshi; Muhammad UmerRafique; Shah Khalid
Concrete is one of the most commonly used construction materials, and its properties can be modified using additives like air-entraining agents (AEAs) and supplementary cementitious materials. This study focuses on the effects of AE192, an air-entraining agent, on the mechanical and physical characteristics of ceramic concrete blocks, comparing them to traditional first-class bricks. The objective was to evaluate how different percentages of AE192 (5%, 8%, and 10%) influence compressive strength, weight, and workability, while also incorporating fly ash and ceramic powder for sustainability. A 1:2:4 mix design was used, with Bestway OPC Grade 43 cement, Lawrencepur sand, and 9.5 mm coarse aggregate. Fly ash replaced 20% of cement, and ceramic powder replaced 15% of sand. Two sample sets were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days for compressive strength and weight, following ASTM standards for slump, specific gravity, bulk density, and compression testing. Results showed the control mix (0% AE192) had the highest compressive strength (2030.56 PSI in Sample 1 and 1269.44 PSI in Sample 2), making it suitable for structural applications. The 5% AE192 mix showed balanced strength and reduced weight (1841.67 PSI and 733.33 PSI), making it ideal for semi- structural use. Higher AE192 levels (8% and 10%) led to reduced strength but improved workability and freeze-thaw resistance, useful for non-structural applications. Ceramic- enhanced blocks, especially with 10% ceramic powder, achieved 1186.11 PSI, offering a sustainable option. Although first-class bricks had higher strength, they were less sustainable. The study concludes that 5% AE192 offers an optimal balance of strength, workability, and sustainability.
AI driven constrution site safety management using computer vision and Machine learning
(UMT. Lahore, 2024) Talha Jalal; Wajid ALi; MalikUsman Ejaz; Muhammad Hamza Siddique
The issue of safety is multifaceted at construction sites, needing strong measures for risk mitigation and lightening loads on personnel and assets. In this regard, the confluence of advanced technologies, such as computer vision and artificial intelligence, has increasingly been applied to bring novel solutions in the augmentation of safety protocols. With the advancement in object detection models, mainly based on the YOLO (You Only Look Once) architecture, that has been the strong way toward the automation of the detection and localization of safety-critical elements within the construction environment. This research introduces an intricately fine-tuned YOLOv8 model, finely tuned for detection of construction safety. Therefore, this work introduces an advanced approach to training and techniques for fine-tuning a YOLOv8 model capable of detecting a wide range of safety entities, viz. hardhats, masks, safety vests, personnel, machinery, and vehicles in static images and video feeds. The YOLOv8 model is real-time and highly precise and accurate in inference, aiming to set new benchmarks in safety at the construction site—that of the rare accident, satisfied safety regulators, and continuous good health of its workers and assets. This article, therefore, presents the multifaceted capabilities and disruptive potential that shape the YOLOv8 model in the augmentation of safety frameworks and risk mitigation across the dynamic and challenging landscapes of the construction environment. This research is fulfilling primarily sustainable development goal number 3 i.e. good health and wellbeing and secondarily sustainable development goal number 9 i.e. industry, innovation and infrastructure. Index Terms
An experimental study of strengthening of rcc beams through gfrp
(UMT.Lahore, 2020) Muhammad Azeem; Muhammad Raees Tahir; Malik Feroz Masood Khan; Muhammad Haseeb
Worldwide researches are being conducted regarding the use of FRP sheets in the retrofitting and strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. FRP is very effective way to strengthen and increase lifespan of a structure. It is an economical way of strengthening the structures. It is considered as the most suitable and advanced method as compared to the previous traditional method of strengthening and retrofitting. Experimental investigations are being carried out regarding the failure pattern of RCC beams wrapped in GFRP sheet. Externally supported RCC beams by using an epoxy were subjected to centre point loading system. The beams are subjected to 100 Ton Universal Testing Machine under the constant rate of deflection. Total of six beams were casted out of which three beams are considered as control samples of strength 18 MPa, 21 MPa and 25 MPa and other three are GFRP wrapped beams having same strength. Experimental data on load and stroke(deflection) and failure mode of each beam is obtained and shown in the form of graphs. The detailed procedure on casting of beams, strengthening of beams and applications of GFRP sheet in field is also added. The effect of the layer of the GFRP sheet, its orientation and its thickness due to the load applied is also investigated in this research work.
An experimental study on determining the strength properties of frc with numerous mix proportions
(2021) Nasir Ullah; Saddam Hussain; M.M Talha Umar; Zafar Ullah
Worldwide researches are being conducted regarding the use of fibers in the concrete. Fibers are very effective way to strengthen and increase lifespan of the structure. It is considered suitable and advanced method as compared to previous traditional method to strengthen the concrete. The aim of this xperimental research work is to determine the strength properties of Fiber reinforced concrete with numerous mix proportions. Total of 20 samples with numerous mix proportions of steel and glass fibers of M25 grade concrete are tested, six of them with glass fibers percentage of 5%, 10% and 15% and six of steel fibers with same percentage of glass fibers by the weight of cement. Two samples with percentage of 5% of glass fibers and 10% steel fibers, two samples of 10% of glass fibers and 5% of steel fibers and two samples of 7.5% glass fibers and 7.5% steel fibers, compared with control sample with no fibers. All the specimens were cured for the period of 7 and 28 days before crushing. The results of fiber reinforced concrete for 7days and 28days curing with varied percentage of fiber were studied and it has been found that the higher reinforcement of the glass fibers had a significant adverse impact on the compressive strength while steel fibers had less impact on compressive strength. The highest compressive strength was achieved with the addition of 5% steel fibers at the age of 28 days, a further increase in fibers content decreased the compressive strength. The lowest compressive strength was gained at 15% glass fibers at the age of 28 days. The compressive strength of steel fibers with the addition of 5% steel is 8.43% more than control sample and with 10% SF than the percentage is 8.06% more. With the addition of 5% glass fibers the compressive strength is 8.17% more than the control sample. Further increase in percentage of SF and GF this percentage of strength decreases
Analysis and design of a multi story building with soft-story effect
(2021) Fatima Javeed; Tooba Saqib; Muhammad Hamza Imtiaz; Muhammad Qasim Toor
Soft-story is also called a flexible story but it shows poor performance during an earthquake. Soft stories are subjected to larger lateral loads during earthquakes and under these loads, their lateral deformations are greater than other floors so the design of structural members of this floor (soft story) is critical. This causes major problems if the building is located in an active seismic zone. For this reason, the soft story should be evaded as much as possible. But these irregularities can be improved by providing lateral rigidity. We will eliminate the effect of soft-story when we will analyze our structure by using ETABS and with the help of building codes. ETABS not only handle the analysis and design of simple structure and can give accurate results but also it can handle the complex and largest building structural models. The soft-story can be used for parking or commercial purposes in residential buildings. We will also discuss the comparison between a building with soft-story and without soft-story
Analysis and design of stress ribbon bridge
(UMT.Lahore, 2021) MUHAMMAD SOHAIL; MUZAMMIL SHAHZAD; UMAR FAROOQ; ASAD IQBAL
This project will undertake the analysis and design of stress ribbon bridge with CSI bridge software. A stress ribbon bridge is a tension structure, like simple suspension bridge. The stress ribbon design is exceptional. Not many individuals including bridge engineers know about this structure and less than 50 have been constructed around the world. The suspension cables are installed in the deck which follows a catenary curve between upholds. The simple span ribbon is stress in compression which provides stiffness to the structure. Such extensions are ordinarily produced using concrete built up by steel tensioning cables. The objective of this project is to understand the structural behavior of the different types of stress ribbon bridges, identify the parameters essential for the preliminary calculations, permissible limits and sizing of the deck segments, develop a model for a 100 feet long stress ribbon bridge in CSI Bridge Software and also understand the dynamic behavior of the stress ribbon bridge. This is primarily used for person on foot and cycling traffic. Stress ribbon bridges are extremely affordable, stylish and nearly support free design. They require negligible number of materials. At present investigations, on joining stress Ribbon Bridge with cables or arches, to assemble on reasonable stress Ribbon Bridge. It makes the investigation of provisions of these specific extensions as a significant one
Analysis of skew bridges with and without intermediate diaphragms
(UMT. Lahore, 2024) Mateen Haider; Afaq Ahmad; Zubair Abbas; Mubashar Haya
Construction of reinforced concrete intermediate diaphragm in skew bridges is more difficult as compared to the normal bridges. But they are still design operation in skew bridges as well as normal bridges in Pakistan. The necessity of installing intermediate diaphragms in pre stressed concrete I girder bridges was investigate in this study by analysis the four bridge cases with different skew angle with and without diaphragm to check the impact of diaphragms technically or economically. The impact of intermediate diaphragms on main girder in superstructure of the skew bridges with and without diaphragm was checked through finite element modeling in STAAD PRO for the original arrangement. The result of these models was then used to establish the need of provision of diaphragm in bridges. Results of the study clearly show that beyond a certain skew angle, presence of intermediate diaphragms in the girder induce additional forces in the girder which was not there when diaphragms were removed. Absence of diaphragm gives forty percent torsion, thirty percent deflection, ten percent axial forces, ten percent bending force or ten percent shear forces reduction in bridge superstructure in comparison to original diaphragm condition. As the skew angle increases against the alignment of bridges, construction becomes more difficult, the nomenclature of force in not symmetrical, when lateral forces act they damage the girder and the usefulness of the diaphragm becomes uncertain. The cost of construction, maintenance and technical fault of the bridge can be decreased if it is determined at the conclusion of this investigation that diaphragms are not necessary for the bridge's overall performance. According to the results, achieving the Sustainable Development Goals No 9 or 11. Sustainable Development Goals No 9 is “industry, innovation and infrastructure” and Sustainable Development Goals No 11 is “Sustainable cities and communities”
Analysis of the critical factors of orange line project lahore
(UMT.Lahore, 2020) Talha Munir; Hamza Ahmed; Muhammad Murtaza; Samran Tariq
The aim of this study is to analyze the main points for the prosperity of this project. It is very important project for Lahore. The object of this study is to give best traffic solution to the people of Lahore. The lane of this project is in commercial area. The overall track length is 27.12 km. In which underground section is 1.72 km and raised section is 25.4 km. This project contains 26 stations in which 24 are raised and 2 are underground. The contractors demolished many important buildings due to problems in its design. They destroyed buildings like houses, shops and famous buildings. These issues create many problems like dust, theft problems, community objections and litigation issues. Due to these problems, this project was criticized very much. In the research of this study, a literature review has been done. Mixed method technique has been used which includes both qualitative and quantitative analysis. In qualitative analysis, 3 interviews have been conducted from the contractor and supervisor of this project. In quantitative analysis, a questionnaire has been created and 208 responses collected. The conclusions and recommendations has been made for successful completion of other projects. For successful completion of this project is to make sure that the project is not over budgeted and to know that this project is true value of money.
Analytiacal Assessment of pedistrian indused vibration in foot brigde
(UMT. Lahore, 2024) Muhammad Hamza Butt; Ch Fahad Ul Islam; Abdul Hanan; Nadir Shah
Slender designs have been used to build pedestrian bridges that cross over extensive roadways, incorporating today’s technologies and materials. Efficient and streamlined designs of pedestrian bridges lead to changes in their functionality and maximum capacities, which in turn give rise to the problems such as structural vibrations. In pedestrian bridges, this event arises when the default structure’s frequency correlates to the frequencies at which the load induces excitation. In this study, an analysis of impact of live load on an existing pedestrian bridge using a STAAD.Pro has been performed. The structure under investigation is derived from a pedestrian bridge situated in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Vibrational problem of the bridge necessitated an analysis of characteristics and behaviour using an analytical model. Six natural frequency modes of the bridge were examined through simulation by finite element method. 1.7 Hz to 3 Hz range frequency was observed which was below the prescribed minimum natural frequency. The results unequivocally demonstrated that the pedestrian bridge is susceptible to high vibration levels, which can jeopardize the comfort-limit state of the users. The retrofitting was done to modify and strengthen the existing structure. Results of the strengthened structure revealed that the frequency values ranged from 3.5 Hz to 11.7 Hz for six different frequency modes. These frequencies are considered appropriate for a pedestrian bridge according to the natural frequency conditions.
Analytical study of strengtheining of rcc beam through steel sheets
(UMT.Lahore, 2020) Usman Yaseen; Muhammad Abubakar; Umair Sohail; Alamgir Khan
Over the top exhaustion crumbling is experienced more often than not when auxiliary components Reinforced Concrete are exposed to loadings. That stresses the longing to fortify just as improve the exhaustion execution and broaden the weakness life of RC auxiliary segments especially shafts. Steel Sheets has turned into a generally utilized method during the most recent couple of decades, fortifying of cement basic components by where high quality is required for conveying substantial loads or fixing is done because of weakness splitting, disappointment modes and additionally erosion. This paper surveys different parts of RC bars fortified with Steel Sheet. This subject has not been canvassed thoroughly in past investigations, while the innovation has been changed quickly in the ongoing past. It Highlights viewpoints, for example, surface planning, glue restoring, limited component (FE) re-enactment, weariness execution just as the disappointment methods of RC bars with Steel Sheets. This method wipes out or potentially diminishes the split development rate, defer introductory splitting, decrease the firmness rot with leftover avoidance and expand the weakness life of RC pillars.
Application of gis in watershed analysis
(UMT.Lahore, 2023) Wasif Hussain; Harris Riaz; Abdul Hanan; M.Usman Liaqat
GIS plays a major role in watershed analysis. It has vast number of applications in watershed analysis. It can be used to delineate the watershed and can be used to assess the land slope and soil erosion estimation of the watershed and many different analyses. For our research, we needed to delineate the watershed using GIS and then use the delineated watershed to extract the climatic data from different model data e.g., JRA-25, ERA5 etc., using advance computer languages and then compare the extracted data visually.
Application of machine learning methods in shallow foundation design
(UMT.Lahore, 2022) Ali Akbar; M. Hassaan Zahid; Ahsan Ahmad; Hassam Yahya; Muhammad Aimal
The ability to accurately predict the ultimate bearing capacity of a shallow foundation is crucial in the foundation design process for a variety of buildings. With the use of characteristicslike foundation width (B), depth (D), length (L), angle of internal friction (φ), and specific gravity (⋎), the authors hope to arrive at a more precise and explicit formulation for estimating ultimate bearing capacity. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been used to construct a more thorough model for calculating ultimate bearing capacity than earlier techniques, making it more accurate and easier to use. We evaluate our findings against the raw data, traditional analytical models, and existing soft computing techniques. As a result, the authors conclude that the suggested model outperforms competing models in terms of accuracy, performance, and error mode.
ASSESSMENT OF REMOTELY SENSED PRECIPITATION PRODUCTS UNDER CHANGING CLIMATE OF HUNZA RIVER BASIN, PAKISTAN
(umt, lahore, 2025)
This study delves into the critical assessment of remotely sensed precipitation products in the challenging terrain of the Hunza River Basin, located in the Karakoram Mountains of Pakistan
Automated generation of bim models from architectural and structural plans using artificial intelligence
(UMT. Lahore, 2025) Muhammad Asad; Muhammad Soban; Sikander Ali Khan; Muhammad Irfan
This study introduces a new method that uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) models to automatically change old two-dimensional architectural and structural plans into Building Information Modeling (BIM) systems. This method helps solve the usual problems and delays found in manual BIM work, offering clear benefits to the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. Significantly, the system employs the Mask R-CNN deep learning model within the Detectron2 framework, trained on a dataset comprising 552 annotated elements from real-world projects, to reliably identify and distinguish primary building components including walls, columns, doors, and beams even when analyzing diverse or low-quality plans. The data augmentation technique was used successfully to make the model resistant to various drawing styles and trained on more than 200 iterations and achieved more than 95 percent accuracy in detection. Seen objects are converted to the IFC standard directly, originating 3D BIM models that may immediately be used in BIM programs. The automatized strategy significantly eliminates the amount of manual work, improves the quality of modelling, and assists sustainable management since it allows performing digital analysis of existing buildings. This study also points out to the scalability of the solution to large-scale projects, collaboration of the team due to standardized models, and usefulness in the energy efficiency planning and renovation planning. In conclusion, this research shows that deep learning can effectively automate the BIM process, providing an efficient and scalable way to convert old building records and support digital transformation in construction. Additionally, this work contributes to Sustainable Development Goals 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), highlighting its importance for sustainable growth.
Bias correction of cmip5-based precipitation for hydrologic investigations
(UMT.Lahore, 2022) Muhammad Raza Khalid; Shehroz Ahmed; Sana Safdar; Mujtaba Ikram
The Lower Jhelum River Basin possesses a hybrid topography due to which different types of weather patterns can be seen throughout the year. This important aspect of the catchment emphasizes to use Global Climate Models (GCM) extensively rather than gauge products for various hydrological investigations. The main goal of this study was to apply the bias correction technique on GCMs and to evaluate them for a hybrid topography and determine how well they may be used for predicting the stream flows. A strong relation was found to be existed between the gauge and the model. The amount of error and the performance of the model was evaluated by using the statistical and performance parameters for point precipitation, average basin rainfall and entire study area. Flow routing was done to predict the stream flows for gauge, ACCESS 1.0 and adjusted ACCESS 1.0 products for the years 2014 to 2019. The upstream boundary condition, to accommodate the flows from upper basin, was provided at Kohala station in the form of monthly hydrograph. The model showed comparatively good results after applying the bias correction factor and the stream flows were close to the gauge data.
Bim enabled design and cost benefit analysis of commercial building before and after clash detection and resolution
(UMT. Lahore, 2025) Muhammad Manan Khan; Mazhar Hussain; Umair Ali; Hafiz Muhammad Nabeel; Sadiq Shah
Despite being an essential driver of global economic development, the construction industry faces persistent inefficiencies, including cost and time overruns, along with design misalignments. This thesis analyzesthe impact of BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology,specifically its 5D cost estimation and clash detection features. Additionally, a practical case study was carried out on a 4-story commercial plaza where BIM modeling was done on Autodesk Revit and clash detection on Navisworks. This project required the architectural, structural, and MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) systems to be integrated into a federated 3D model, with construction-relevant clash detection-resolution cycles performed before construction. In this study, three basic conflict types were identified, namely hard, soft, and workflow. Each was simulated and resolved using Navisworks' tools, and a clash resolution cost analysis was performed before and afterresolution.In this case, it was observed that the project cost decreased significantly from Rs 166.81 million to Rs 156.21 million, illustrating a total of Rs 10.6 million saved. Ultimately, these results highlight BIM’s ability to improve interdisciplinary collaboration, reduce project change orders, enhance rework dynamics, improve the overall decision-making process, and drive sustainable construction
Bot projects and its critical success factors: case of ring road, lahore. Pakistan
(UMT.Lahore, 2021) Shahzada Ijlal Sultan; Abdul Hadi Atif; Arslan Safdar; Usjad Tahir
Most of the developing countries across the globe face infrastructure challenges. The critical challenge that developing countries faces are of resources and too of financial resources. Either they are short of finances or they are not provided in-time budget which causes main damage to the infrastructure development. The major aim of these countries is to improve their citizens living standard which can be facilitated through the infrastructure development. However, in order to cope with these challenges, governments often work in BOT projects with private firms in which the infrastructural projects are build, operated and then transferred. Nevertheless, in Pakistan, the trend is increasing of the same in which projects are constructed on the model of BOT but is not useful as it is in some of the other countries. There might be certain elements which needs an overhauling but do the implemented projects have achieved success or are they failure. This is where the existing study plays its due part as it aims to measure the critical success factors which plays their part in BOT projects. This study will also go on to understand the future of BOT projects in Pakistan as existing study aims to conclude the findings with the help of Ring Road project constructed in the heart of Pakistan, Lahore. Being one of the major yet important cities of the country with major influx of people from within and outside the country, Ring Road Lahore project is a major indication for other BOT projects across the country. Once the critical success factors identified are studied, their results are clearly mentioned in the analysis chapter. Lastly, the study is concluded by giving useful contributions to the literature along with mentioning the future directions for scholars and researchers interested to pursue similar avenues.
Building information modeling (bim) based modeling of a residential building
(UMT.Lahore, 2019) Anas Javed; Hafiz Muhammad Ayaz; Muhammad Asad; Hafiz Burhan Amin
The traditional triple constraints of any project are time, cost and scope that govern the overall quality of that project. However, many construction projects fail to complete within the appropriate time and budget. Along with the other technological advancements Building Information Modeling has been adopted as a potential tools to reduce the negative impact of these factors by various organization. BIM involves an intelligent 3D modeling and comprehensive multidimensional analysis to deliver information and to communicate project decisions. Design, visualization, simulation, and collaboration enabled by BIM provide greater clarity for all stakeholders across the project lifecycle. BIM makes it easier to achieve goals of project and business by precise and highly accurate quantity estimation and time scheduling. In addition to these basic enhancements, BIM also includes clash detection and energy analysis to provide sustainable construction. This project involves the application of BIM by creating a 3D model of a “4500 SF house” Using software Autodesk Revit. Overall analysis involves quantity estimation using Autodesk Revit, energy analysis using green building studio. By using BIM about 15% cost of the project is optimized. Energy analysis shows that HVAC load consumes (67%) lights consumes (16%) and the rest (17%) is used by the other electrical equipment’s. Finally it is concluded that we can make buildings more efficient by adjusting heating and cooling loads. Our industry must adopt the BIM tools to get the optimized cost for our project and which increase the probability of project completion and pre energy analysis must be done because it helps the project to become more efficient
CHALLENGES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN
(UMT,LAHORE, 2025) Majidah Tasneem
The construction sector is the main pillar of the country's economy and it plays a vital role in generating job opportunities, upgrading infrastructure, and the overall economy

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