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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MEDIUM SIZED HOUSES FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION WITH AND WITHOUT GREEN ROOF (LAHORE AS CASE STUDY)
(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Muhammad Aslam
Nowadays the global warming is a serious problem in the world, and Pakistan is one of the top countries which affected by global warming. As the climate of Pakistan is changing rapidly, the region has been facing severe energy crises for a long time. Different solutions are forwarded from different ends to alleviate this problem which is mostly related to energy production. Pakistan is an energy deficient country and we need to rethink our strategy and save energy, from building that are consuming about 50% of the total energy, so that we can divert these resources towards the industry that needs this energy for structural purposes. A key role in reducing electricity consumption in buildings lies with the envelope of each building. It should be protected with appropriate materials and technologies but is highly effective with local conditions and environment. Cost impact is another area when choosing appropriate and sustainable solutions. Several methods have been reported in the literature, including the green roof, but no in-depth study on the impact of the green roof on energy consumption in residential buildings in Lahore is available. This research explores the current six-house energy efficiency of Lahore’s leading housing society with and without a green roof. Ecotech software was used to develop and analyze energy models of these houses under existing and proposed green roof conditions. The efficiency of green roofs was determined by comparing the energy consumption of these models. Houses selected for research are corner plots with different orientations.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MUGHAL AND SIKH ARCHITECTURE WITH REFERENCE TO FORM AND SHAPE
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Aamna Iqbal Hussain Siddiqui
Lahore one of the largest city of Pakistan and capital of province Punjab holds a wide history. Lahore which we see today is a result of many dynasties through many centuries. Lahore can be taken as hybrid city, being a modern city with skyscraper it holds a treasure of historic events and landmarks in it. Lahore is famous for its heritage from Mughal to Sikh and British colonial era. Every era left its footprints for us to understand better. Mughal architecture and Sikh architecture were most discussed topic since years. Both looks similar but are different at same time. Common people cannot differentiate between both styles because of resemblance. In this thesis, both architectural styles are studied and discussed from their origin to inspiration, from the contribution of emperors to their decline. Case studies and field surveys were conducted to understand both styles deeply and to build a border line between them. Elements of both architectural styles were the prime part of this thesis, every case study is studied deeply and visual notes were made for the comparison between them. At the end of the thesis comparison is deducted so that the reader can understand the similarities and differences between them.
A STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION OF REQUIRED CONSERVATION WORKS OF WAH GARDENS FOR PROMOTION OF TOURISM
(UMT, Lahore, 2018) Ramla Toor
Mughals are well known due to their architectural achievements all around the Sub-continent. The fabulous monuments and gardens of the Mughal Emperor represent one of the pinnacles in world architecture. Numbers of Mughal structures are the amalgamation of architecture and gardens. Wah Gardens are the well admired complex consisting of pavilions, water tanks, hammam and gardens. The distinguish features of Wah Gardens are their natural springs, enchanting atmosphere a place surrounded by hills from all the sides depicting the scene of valley. The Wah Gardens had been a place of imperial camping, the Mughal emperors used to stay here and enlivened from the scenic beauty of the area. The Wah gardens which once depict the prospect of royalty and magnificence was turned into ruins due to the climatic conditions, negligence of the authorities and human vandalism. Wah Gardens has faced serious problems throughout the ages. In 1857 the British government gave the Wah gardens to Sardar Muhammad Hayat Khan, however in 1957 the gardens were declared as the protected monuments by the government of Pakistan under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904. Department of Archaeology took the gardens in 1976 except the Farudgah which is still under the custody of Hayat Khan Family. The removal of the upper terrace causes the inaccuracy of the plan. The change in the surrounding context, lack of tourist facilities, use of inappropriate materials and methods for conservation need concentration. The aim of the study is to posit direction for the conservation of Wah Gardens in order to stimulate the tourism of the historic site. The research had been conducted through national and international guidelines and by surveys, literature review and interviews from the professionals.
A STUDY OF CONSERVATION ISSUES OF THE MUGHAL TOMBS IN HISTORIC CITY OF LAHORE (CASE STUDY: TOMB OF DAI ANGA)
(UMT, Lahore, 2016) WAJEEHA SHAHBAZ
Architectural conservation is an important process for keeping alive the “identity” of a particular structure. Pakistan is a country of great diversity. Most of the monuments, buildings and sites are deteriorating with the passage of time. Lahore, the city of garden, is the core of Pakistan for its cultural and traditional background. Therefore, it is a representative of the entire country. Mughals Architecture is quite unique. Being poetic in nature, Mughals were always keen to learn about beauty and that is clearly visible in their designs too. The thesis gives introduction to Jahangir‟s Tomb, Noor Jahan Tomb, Anarkali tomb, Zeb-un-Nisa Tomb, Prince Pervaiz tomb, Dai Anga Tomb etc. The selection of one Mughal tomb will represent the present condition of all other deteriorating tombs as well. Dai Anga tomb is the perfect example of a deteriorating historic structure, highlighting the issues of other tombs in Lahore. Tomb of Dai Anga was constructed by Mirza Sultan Beg. Dai Anga was wet nurse of Shah Jahan. Dai Anga tomb also has a gateway, gulabi bagh gateway. On the road to Shalimar, next to the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, on the left is the gateway to Gulabi Bagh and the elegant tomb of Dai Anga itself. For the purpose of study, the history of the site was studied. The site was thoroughly observed, measurements were taken and the plans were made. Horizontal and vertical arrangements of the tomb as well as the gateway were carefully measured. Listed status of the tomb was confirmed. Picturization of the present condition of the site, the tomb and gateway was done. The materials used on the external façade and interiors were studied and carefully observed. It was observed that the view of whole site is changed because of the construction of orange line train project. The tomb and gateway is in the worst condition, seems like it has not been conserved in ages. The fine fresco work and inscriptions of the Holy Quran are also not completely visible. The blue and yellow tile work and floral wall paintings have now faded away. There is garbage and dirty stuff all around the tomb which gives a very unpleasant sight. Some recommendations were given which include immediate repairs like maintenance of graves, walls and the floors. The brick work which is deteriorating from different places & the cracks need to be fixed as soon as possible otherwise the structure will fall apart. Renovation is to be done for the fresco work and the glazed tiles used for the interior and exterior of the building. The walls should be repaired throughout with Pucca brick laid in lime. The floral pattern used inside the building should be taken care of. Because of the orange line project, the entire site is covered with dust and debris. So this debris has to be thrown away. The two graves inside the mausoleum are made up of bricks which seem to be fallen apart from some places. These places should be properly covered in order to give respect to the graves. The mosaic tile work should be done on the whole façade in order to keep the structure in its original setting. Main colors for the whole decoration includes Black, Crimson red, green, blue and yellow, therefore these colors should be used.
A STUDY OF HASAN ABDAL TOWN: AIMING TOWARDS THE FORMULATION OF CONSERVATION PLAN FOR ITS CENTRAL HISTORIC ZONE
(UMT, Lahore, 2016) Faiqa Khilat
Hasan Abdal, an old historic town located in northern Punjab, exhibits diverse remnants from the times of Buddhist, Mughal, Sikh and British invaders. These remnants make this town a tourist attraction, owing to the exquisite Mughal gardens and numerous significant historical monuments located in the central zone of the town, and an eminent religious destination, due to Sikh Gurdwara of Punja Sahib. The rapid growth in population, accompanied with unplanned expansion of the built environment of the town accommodating, residential and commercial needs has shattered the spiritual and historical essence of the town’s urban fabric all over the world. As a result, prominent historical monuments like Tomb and Garden of Lalarukh, Maqbara Hakeeman have decayed and are in dire need of attention. Conservation, preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of these monuments will result in preservation of this national treasure and historic tradition of the town. The aim of this research was to generate an appropriate conservation plan for the central zone of Hasan Abdal through analytical study of various historic town’s plans nationally and internationally. This was undertaken by identifying the significant historical monuments through reconnaissance survey, interviews and literature review. After developing the master plan, the identified monuments were categorized according to their historical importance and location. Finally, a conservation plan is devised in the light of ICOMOS and UNESCO guidelines keeping in view the current conservation practices and legislation in Pakistan
A Study Of Royal Mughal Baths In Lahore (Case Study Of Shahi Hammam, Shalimar Garden, Lahore)
(UMT, Lahore, 2020) Rimsha Imran
A Study Of Royal Mughal Baths In Lahore (Case study Of Shahi Hammam, Shalimar Garden, Lahore) There is splendid royal bathhouses (hammam) in Lahore from Mughal era mainly belonging to Shahjahan’s time period (1592 CE – 1666 CE). That is Shahi Hammam (1642 CE) located in the Shalimar Gardens, Lahore. This hammam was meant for private use of the Mughal royalty and nobility and was outlawed for the public use. Mainly patronized by Shahjahan this royal bathhouse was situated as part of a recreational garden complex away from the main city at its time of construction. In design conception and execution these bathhouse borrowed features from earlier civilizations. Most prominently influences of Roman Thermae and Ottoman Hammam contributed in evolution of a Mughal bathhouse of Shahjahan’s times as a distinctive architectural form. This research discusses nomenclature of a Roman Thermae and an Ottoman Hammam in their local context and elaborates how this architectural scheme was adopted and adapted by Mughals to suit their local paradigms. There are many commonalities yet many contrasts in layout plan, finishes and functions of these Mughal bathhouse from early civilization. The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the architectural design details to find out why these bathhouse was similar in certain ways and different otherwise. Reinforced with available literature on the subject, graphic and photographic documentation of extinct and extant details of the royal bathhouse, this research would provide a comprehensive study of all the foreign and local influences establishing an evolutionary morphogenesis of these bathhouse.
Analysis of Regional Parks for User’s Wellbeing in Lahore
(UMT, Lahore, 2024)
This thesis explores how regional parks in Lahore impact user well-being, focusing on five main parks: Jilani Park, Model Town Park, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park, Bag-e-Jinnah, and Jam-e-Shirin Park. The research aims to understand how park features, sociodemographic factors, and user behaviors influence physical, mental, and social wellbeing. A mixed-method approach was used, combining observational analysis with user surveys for quantitative data collection. The survey data were analyzed using SPSS Version 26, utilizing frequencies, percentages, chi-square tests, and Kruskal-Wallis H tests to identify key patterns. Additionally, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to simplify the variables for more meaningful interpretation. The findings reveal significant differences in user well-being across the parks. Jilani Park and Model Town Park consistently ranked highest in promoting wellbeing, while Jam-e-Shirin Park reported the lowest levels. Key factors like park quality, inclusiveness, user satisfaction, and physical activity were identified as significant predictors of wellbeing. Younger individuals and those with higher educational qualifications reported higher levels of wellbeing. Proximity to the park and the amount of time spent there also significantly influenced user experiences. The research highlights the importance of well-maintained, accessible, and inclusive parks in promoting public health and wellbeing. The findings provide valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers in Lahore, suggesting that targeted improvements in underperforming parks could enhance user satisfaction and overall wellbeing. This thesis contributes to the growing body of literature on the role of urban green spaces in fostering social, mental, and physical health in rapidly urbanizing environments.
Analytical Study of Kucha Haider Pehlwan to devise Conservation Strategies for its Architectural Heritage and Urban Fabric
(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Faiza Haroon
Lahore is an ancient city with numerous heritage sites linked to a diverse cultural heritage. The walled city still shows remnants of architectural heritage even after centuries though much of it had been squandered due to neglect, human interventions and natural disasters and bio hazards. The objective was to determine the historical background, causes of deterioration and formulate a conservation strategy. The need for architectural conservation and its consequences were studied through a research analysis of a historical neighborhood in Lahore namely the Kucha Haider Pehlwan. Research domain was qualitative, which was based on a review of publications, field studies and interviews conducted with the aid of questionnaires. Questionnaire method was applied while snowball sampling was incorporated. Relevant theories were interpreted which enabled to convey the significance of place and place identity. Definitions and concepts relevant to conservation and urban fabric also covered. The site was chosen primarily due to its proximity within the oldest area of settlement in the walled city of Lahore. On a secondary note, the neighborhood was selected on the basis of the composition of its edifices which constituted a range of historical and ahistorical, dilapidated and conserved, original and renewed edifices. Kucha Haider Pehlwan was analyzed through its land usage plans, urban fabric and building façade. Problems related to open space and wall surfaces have been highlighted. Recommendations were drawn on the basis of findings acquired through the research process.
Analytical Study of Urban Street Shopping in Lahore (MM Alam Road Renovación Urbana)
(UMT, Lahore, 2015) ABDUL MAHAD KAMAL
The focus of this research is to study street shopping facilities in the city of Lahore with particular emphasis on MM Alam Road, in comparison to other international shopping areas for the determination of community leisure activities. The present research also highlights the historical trends of shopping and development of modern shopping perspectives in relation to human leisure. MM Alam Road, Lahore like many other commercial roads was not planned to be a commercial district and contains some inherent limitations that cannot be ignored. Detailed data was collected through surveys of existing conditions, LDA bye-laws and their pros and cons have been discussed, related to upgrading and revamping of MM Alam Road. A comparative analysis of Champs Elysees Street, Paris and MM Alam Road has also been done. The design and guidelines are proposed to envision a place, where people actually want to be for shopping or dining without any excuse for them to be there. For a good shopping street where people would like to be, should be safe, comfortable, beautiful and interesting with a lot of varietyin choices and quality available. The design solutions for key problems like management of traffic, parking and pedestrian facilities have been discussed. Some changes in the LDA bye-laws for this road have also been proposed. A critical analysis of the recent up-gradation and other infrastructure facilities is also included. Proposed revamping of the MM Alam Road aims to develop it compatible to the Champs Elysees Street in possible terms/limits keeping in mind the different regions/cultures of the two cities.
ANALYTICAL STUDY TOWARDS A THERMAL APPROACH OF PHASE-CHANGE MATERIAL IN DRY & SEMI-ARID CLIMATE
(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Hafiza Mahnoor Asim
It is estimated that buildings use more than half of their total energy usage for the heating/cooling of their inside environments. Consequently, the development of innovative materials to boost the energy consumption of buildings is becoming more necessary. This has increased interest in integrating PCM into structures during the past several decades. In a small temperature range, PCM can absorb a significant amount of heat during phase transitions. When utilized in the building envelope, PCMs may help to lower the amount of heat that is transported into the internal environment while also saving energy by reducing the amount of cooling power that is consumed by the HVAC system. The effectiveness and selection of PCM, on the other hand, are dependent on the environment in which it is used. A hot-humid climate, which is defined by consistent daily temperature across the year, might give a year-round chance to profit from PCMs in the context of building application, according to research. The modest diurnal temperature change, on the other hand, may have an impact on the performance and efficiency of the PCMs. An investigation of the capacity of PCMs to lower the peak indoor temperature (Ti) of organically conditioned buildings in a humid climatic zone is presented in this research. To do this, field measurements have been carried out in existing facilities to determine the suitable transition temperature range for PCM applications and run analysis to prove its capability practically to inspire the rest for further research in future.
Analyzing merits and demerits of Urban Transformation ;A case study of Main Saddar Bazar Sialkot Cantt
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Ali Abdullah Kazmi
Sialkot, the city of Iqbal, is home to many key industries and is considered an important city of Punjab province. Like many highly-populated cities of the world, Sialkot, too, has undergone massive physical expansion to accommodate an ever-increasing population. The use of available land in the city has seen perpetual transformation; especially its southern and south-eastern fringes have sprawled and are dotted with planned settlements, particularly the places that lead to Sialkot International Airport. Since land is a key resource to accommodate the expansion and various other development activities within the residential areas of the city, Saddar Bazaar, in Sialkot Cantonment area, with its well-planned public areas, has emerged as the central hub of this historic city. With an unbridled growth in commercial and business activities, the Bazaar faces a plethora of problems, with transformation of land use being the principal issue to be addressed on urgent basis.
ARBORETUM- BRIDGING THE GAP
(UMT, Lahore, 2017) SAMANA MAHDI
Architectural Interventions through Urban Regeneration Process for Ahmedabad Temples in Vicinity of Thokar Niaz Baig
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Amna Waheed Butt
Lahore is the heart of Pakistan is a city with rich cultural, historical and architectural heritage. The city was at its peak during the Mughal Empire. Ahmedabad historic temples in the vicinity of Thokar Niaz Baig embody a rich architectural heritage that suffered negligence due to rapid urban development and insufficient preservation efforts. This thesis explores and examines architectural interventions through urban regeneration as a strategy or framework to preserve and integrate these temples with modern techniques. A detailed investigation of the present approaches is conducted in order to identify the deficiencies in the existing urban regeneration scheme and to propose a practical solution that will not only preserve the temples but also make them active monuments within the urban environment. This study presents framework that will prioritize both preservation and community engagement by analysing the challenges of urban encroachments, deterioration of cultural sites and loss of historic identity. Using a qualitative research approach, this study investigates existing conditions, analyse comparable case studies, and proposes practical and functional strategies for restoring the temples while maintaining a balance between historical and modern functionality. The findings aim to provide a balanced model that fosters the architectural values of temples, promote cultural tourism, and contributes to an inclusive identity for Ahmedabad. This research aim to inform policy-makers, architects, and urban planners to offer a road map to align heritage conservation with urban development.
Beyond Bars- Lahore ZOO to be Re-imagined Reimaging Lahore Zoo through innovating Landscaping and Urbanizing Strategies
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Khadija Shafqat
Zoos were traditionally a place where animals were kept under worst conditions, and as exhibits, only for human entertainment. In early days of known civilization, the animals were even fought with each other and other human slaves, for the mere pleasures of royalty and general public. All this didn’t changed much until the second half of last century, when awareness about environment and animal welfare emerged as the sign of civilization and progress. Only then studies were made to enhance the environment of zoos, to make it healthy for cognitive and physical health of animals. Around 700 Million people visit zoos and aquariums each year, as reported by WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums). Lahore Zoo is the third oldest in the world, and comparatively a better facility, to the ones found in Pakistan. But is not up to the standards of WAZA due to many reasons, like absence of Zoo animal keeper training, unprofessional record books, less breeding successes and programs, inadequate captivity facilities for animals, low standard of veterinary services, and lack of planning for animal collection. Also there is no proper team of professional veterinary staff who could take care of the nutrition’s of them, and the public guidance and education is missing. Our research topic is centered on Lahore zoo. The Lahore Zoo, one of the oldest zoos in the world, and hence in South Asia, was established in 1872 by Englishmen, has long been a symbol of heritage and conservation in Pakistan. However, its current state reflects outdated practices that do not align with modern standards of animal welfare and visitor engagement. The existing design, rooted in traditional exhibit styles, often prioritizes entertainment over the well-being of the animals on the modern standards. This thesis aims to reimagine the Lahore Zoo through innovative landscaping and urbanization strategies that focus on creating a more ethical and immersive environment, enhancing both animal welfare and the visitor experience without expanding the zoo's physical footprint. The need for this study stems from the growing global movement which demands every human to be more responsible towards the environment and ecosystem of our home, the earth. It is driven by the consequences of irresponsible behavior that was exhibited in the last couple of centuries by man, owing to the unprecedented advancement of science, which lead to industrialization and gave us unwanted fruits of pollution, global warming and other hazards. This responsible thought has also shifted towards preserving the animal kingdom, which is Page | IX vital part of eco system. We have already lost many species, which have become extinct, and left many endangered. Now people want the modern zoos to be responsible and ecologically sustainable. As urban spaces become increasingly limited, there is an urgent need to rethink how zoos can function as educational and conservation-oriented institutions within cities. By analyzing case studies from South Asia and beyond, this research identifies key strategies for transforming the Lahore Zoo into a modern facility that balances ecological concerns with the needs of its inhabitants and visitors. The emphasis is on creating spaces that mimic natural habitats and foster positive interactions between animals and people, thus moving beyond the traditional "bars and cages" approach. In our study, we have learnt from the worldwide trends of shifting towards natural habitats for captivated animals and our responsibility to rectify the situation. Through this study we will learn that how, in the given resources, and with will, we can transform Lahore zoo into a state of the art modern facility, where not only animals are kept safe and healthy, but also it can be a facility where endangered species are preserved, reproduced, and reintroduced to the wild. We have produced through this research a model that integrates landscape architecture, urban planning, and animal welfare, this thesis underscores the importance of thoughtful design in creating spaces where conservation, education, and recreation can coexist harmoniously. The overall goal is to presents a vision for the Lahore Zoo that goes with the contemporary values of animal welfare and therefore sets a new standard for zoos in South Asia in particular, and in the world in general.
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN DESIGN INNOVATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC REALITIES: A COMPARISON OF AFRICA AND PAKISTAN
(UMT, Lahore, 2025) Zakaria Abdirahman
This thesis explores the challenges and opportunities surrounding the provision of Bridging the Gap Between Design Innovation and Socio-Economic Realities: A Comparison of Africa and Pakistan. Rapid urbanization, population growth, and rising poverty have created a housing crisis across African cities, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where over 60% of urban residents live in informal settlements. The study examines how socio-economic factors such as income disparity, unemployment, and lack of access to finance exacerbate this crisis. It investigates how design innovations, including modular housing, alternative building materials, and climate-responsive design, can offer affordable and sustainable housing solutions. Additionally, the research highlights the role of government policies and institutional frameworks in shaping the affordable housing sector. Through case studies, the thesis proposes practical strategies to bridge the gap between innovative housing solutions and the socio-economic conditions of African urban dwellers. The findings provide recommendations for policy makers, urban planners, and developers on how to incorporate design innovations into affordable housing projects that are financially viable, environmentally sustainable, and socially inclusive.
CASTLE IN C LOUDS (A Place beyond the Imagination)
(UMT, Lahore, 2017) AMMARA MAJEED
In this era of chaos, unemployment, inflation what should be the role of an architecture student? It is never too hard to bring light, color and play in the buildings we design but that is not the only thing we need to do. What we all need to do is to create something that brings attachment, bondage and emotions with the architecture. It should not just give employment but should be a new charming activity that would motivate, relax, encourage the youth to think beyond reality and come up with new creative ideas. Pakistan needs to create architectural attractions. The only thing we lack is the forum for recreational activities. It not only creates revenues but also gets fame if it is of an international standard. We living in Pakistan soul totally promote our culture. But we also need to bring new ideas regarding architecture to start working in a new direction on which the whole world is moving. Every country has theme parks for which they are famous. The culture of theme parks should also be promoted in Pakistan because we do not have a single proper theme park.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR REVITALIZATION ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF SAIDU SHARIF SWAT
(UMT, Lahore, 2021) SYYED MANSOOR ALI SHAH
The revitalization of urban areas and cities is given through the genius loci which is dominatingly characterized by heritage structures. Retaining these structures can not only strengthen the architectural style of the region but also make a strong bond between the historic buildings and the local community. Swat is the rich-lush green place with novel flair of architecture established in Greek, British and Italian period. This state was renowned in architectural design, streets patterns and structures’, but due to climatic effects, earthquake and terrorism, most of the historic buildings are gradually losing their identity. The hap hazard development near to the cultural assets also plays a very big role in the degradation of this region. The objective of this research is to analyze the challenges and opportunities for revitalization of Saidu Saharif, Swat. Different historic buildings have been examined and guidelines have been developed for conserving the architectural heritage of not only Saidu Sharif but also the whole region in which these heritage structures are effected.
COMPARISON OF CONTEMPORARY BRICKS WITH THE BRICKS USED DURING THE BRITISH COLONIAL PERIOD
(UMT, Lahore, 2015) Tahir Mahmood
The bricks are frequently used in construction as building material everywhere in the world. The British colonial buildings in Lahore city were mainly constructed with fair face clay bricks (Locally available building material). Major parts of the British Colonial buildings are made of bricks with lime mortar and also cement mortar (which was used at the end of this era). The different forms and styles of bricks are frequently used in the building facade. The study is aimed at to highlight the qualities of a durable brick and proper selection of clay for the manufacturing of a salt free brick. This study is focused on the analysis of the contemporary bricks and the bricks used for construction during the British colonial period with an objective to find out whether the bricks used in British colonial period are more durable than contemporary bricks, and the reasons behind the salt deports on contemporary brick masonry. It further highlights the importance of the clay selection in brick manufacturing and the factors which matter in producing a better quality of clay brick. It was considered to assemble data regarding international standard and significance of the brick, its manufacturing process and use throughout the British period to to-date. It included manufacturing of brick and to assess general causes of salt appearance on the face of brickwork. Proper samples of the British colonial building bricks were taken from various buildings constructed during different times in British Raj. These samples were tested in laboratory of Building Research Station Punjab Building Department C&W Government of the Punjab and Laboratories of the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. The buildings were also physically examined and various causes of deterioration / appearance of salt were identified. The data collection included photographic evidence and drawings. After collection of data, it was analyzed and compared with respect to its chemical composition, clay quality, clay selection, shapes, strength, manufacturing process, burning process, and uses in the buildings and then the conclusions were drawn. These valuable results helped in the formulation of recommendations for brick masonry
DOCUMENTING THE CRUMBLING CATHEDRALS OF COLONIAL ERA
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Nahal Irum
Pakistan is a democratic state which was anchored on the principles of tolerance, co-existence and equal citizenship irrespective of cast, color and creed. It has a majority of Muslims and many religious minorities living in this country. However in Pakistan religious minorities, especially Christians has to face acute challenges as residents and so does their religious heritage sites. Although, these churches and cathedrals offers an old world charm that fosters a culturally rich heritage/community in the country. The allure and charisma of churches and cathedrals of Pakistan is being lost somewhere. The Christian Minority of Pakistan has tried to preserve their religious sites in its original form to some extent but there are deteriorations and encroachments; Government has paid no role in conserving rich heritage sites of Christian minority. This research shows that Christian minority heritage sites are on the blink of demolition not only because of natural reasons but because of manmade reasons as well. These days the condition of churches and cathedrals is precarious due to religious violence, prolonged negligence and long span of time. This research has focused on the causes underlying decay and deterioration of Christian minority heritage sites with in-depth photographic analysis. It will also give awareness to the public and governing authorities that these cathedrals are priceless assets for us. It will also educate so that further decay and deterioration is stopped and guide about the issues of conservation, restoration and provide knowledge about the significance of these magnificent cathedrals. Thus the analysis will propose a list of recommendations which could conserve these minority heritage sites for the future generations.
Documenting the Transformation of Facade Design in Residential Architecture; Evidences from Lahore
(UMT, Lahore, 2025) Asma Aslam
This thesis explores and investigates the transformation of the residential facade in Lahore, Pakistan. It unfolds how the residential facade designs for this region over the past few decades has transformed from a traditional to contemporary architectural style. Historically, the design of the residential facade of Lahore carried deep spiritual and cultural significance because it was a reflection of heritage carried by intricately detailed designs, symmetry, and locally sourced materials. With the rise of industrialization, globalization, and modern construction technology, culturally significant designs have become more and more superseded by minimalist function-driven facades in international influence. The research is based on qualitative research analysis of both primary and secondary sources, which consist of field surveys, literature reviews, and interviews held with renowned architects who have seen this transition over time. This research concludes that there is a real need for innovation in modern architectural practice to be balanced with retention of the cultural identity and sustainability while developing the facade. It recommends a hybrid approach to design, blending traditional principles of harmony, balance, and functionality with modern materials and construction techniques. The research addresses education of the clients and enforcement of standards by regulations in making façade designs not only aesthetically beautiful but sustainable and manifesting rich cultural splendour of Lahore. This work provides a critical analysis about the evolution of residential facades in Lahore and contributes fruitful discoveries for architects, urban planners, and policymakers on the way they would approach culture- and environment-sensitive approaches to future development.

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