2024

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Academic stress, AI attitude and mental toughness in young adults
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Sehrish Khan; Areej Shehzadi; Malaika Sadiq
The current study aimed to explore the relationship among academic stress, AI attitude and mental toughness in young adults. This research used correlational research design to explore the relationship. A quantitative approach was used and data was collected through purposive sampling with inclusion criteria of AI familiarity/usage and private and government universities’ young adults. The variables were measured by standardized questionnaires namely Academic Stress Scale (ASS) (Khan & Jabeen, 2016), AI Attitude Scale (AAS) (Ahmad et al., 2023) and Mental Toughness (MTS) (Anthoney & Saleem, 2015). The findings revealed a significant negative correlation between academic stress and mental toughness. While, there was a non-significant negative relationship between academic stress and negative AI attitude. Conversely, there was a significant positive association between negative AI attitude and mental toughness in young adults. In addition, academic stress and gender were significantly negatively predicting mental toughness whereas AI attitude was the significant positive predictor of mental toughness. The results also showed that male and female groups were significantly differing in mental toughness. The findings of this study highlights the need for developing ethical and responsible use of AI and promoting digital literacy in young adults through workshops, to avoid dependency on AI tools, which can strengthen mental toughness in today's advanced tech era.
Adverse childhood expriences, resiliance and behavioural issues in school children
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Saman Khalid; Saffa; Zainab Sajjad
The current study aimed to determine the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Resilience and Behavioral Issues in School Children. By using purposive sampling, a sample of 265 school children was recruited from government and private schools. To collect empirical data, the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale for Adolescents, the Resilience Scale, and Behavioral Issues Scale were applied. The findings showed that adverse childhood experiences are significant negatively correlated with resilience. Furthermore, findings also revealed that behavioral issues are positively correlated with resilience. It means that if school children experience more adverse childhood experience then their resilience will be low. furthermore, results show that adverse childhood experience has significant positive relationship with behavioral issues. Findings also showed that there were significant differences exist in both groups in terms of resilience the girls have more resilience while boys have low resilience. Moreover, the study suggests improving resilience for school children by providing strategies to face adversity which help school children to increase resilience.
Attachment styles, childhood trauma, relationship satisfaction, and mental health in drug addicts
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Areeba Ammar; Dania Murad; Tehreem Jawad
This research aimed to study attachment styles, childhood trauma, relationship satisfaction and mental health in drug addicts. The correlational study consisted of drug addicts N=200 from various government and private rehabilitation centers with age range 18 – above (M=29.4, SD=8.4) through non probability purposive sampling. The measurement tools Attachment Style Questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect), Relationship Satisfaction Scale, and Mental Health Continuum Scale (emotional wellbeing, social wellbeing, and physical wellbeing) in addition to the demographic information sheet were used. The findings revealed that childhood trauma had a strong positive correlation with physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between childhood trauma and mental health including emotional wellbeing, social wellbeing, and physical wellbeing. Multiple linear Regression analysis showed that age and relationship satisfaction were the significant positive predictors of mental health in drug addict. Independent sample t-test analysis showed that drug addicts from joint family experienced more trauma, sexual abuse, and emotional neglect during childhood, in comparison with nuclear family system. One way ANOVA revealed that people with avoidant attachment styles experienced more trauma and bad mental health and birth order had no effect on childhood trauma, relationship satisfaction, and mental health. The results of the current study represented an important extension of prior findings and present empirical research provided grounds to more studies in future.
Attachment, peer comparison, pro social behavior and emotional behavioral problems in adolescents
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Iqra Saghir; Kinza Eeman; Zara Hussain
Attachment, peer comparison, pro social behavior and emotional behavioral problems in adolescents The current study was aim to investigate the relationship between attachment, peer comparison, pro-social behavior, and emotional behavior problems among adolescents. The research was quantitative research and correlational research design involving a sample of 300 adolescents from government school aged 11-19 years. The sample was selected through a stratified sampling technique as well adolescent attachment questionnaire, adolescent peer relationship instrument, prosocial behavior scale and emotional behavioral problem scale was used to measure attachment, peer comparison, prosocial behavior and emotional behavioral problem respectively. Results indicated that attachment non-significantly associated with variables however, significant positively correlated with pro social behavior feelings and emotional behavioral problems rejection. Adolescents peer relationship was significant positively associated with emotional behavioral problems but negatively associated with pro social behavior action. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that gender and class was a significant predictor and peer relation (bully physical) was a positive significant predictor while prosocial behavior action was a negative significant predictor of emotional behavioral problems. The current study provides empirical evidence that positive peer comparison promotes prosocial behavior and decrease emotional behavioral problem in adolescents.
Cognitive flexibility, self-reflection and adaptability in final year university students
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Fatima Rafiq; Raima Majid; Minahil Nadeem
The aim of study is to investigate the relationship between cognitive flexibility, self reflection, and adaptability among final-year college students. A correlational study was conducted with a sample of N=300 university students, from various private and government university sectors consisting of males/females, social sciences/pure sciences, and MS/BS levels. The Adaptability Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale and Self-Reflection and Insight Scale were employed to collect data through purposive sampling. Correlation analysis indicated relationship between cognitive flexibility, self reflection and adaptability of the participants was positively significant. Regression analysis indicated that cognitive flexibility (p=.000) and self-reflection (p=.000) were significant positive predictor of adaptability. The results of t-test analysis showed that men have more cognitive flexibility than women whereas females have more self reflection compared to men. Moreover, students from nuclear family system showed more differences in self-reflection as compared to joint. Furthermore, this research presents new potentials for investigating the exposure to cognitive flexibility, self reflection and adaptability. It would encourage the need for comparative studies to cover a wide range of cultural contexts.
Communication pattern, perceived dyadic trust and marital satisfaction in long distance married couples
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Reemal Aslam; Aroma Mustafa; Faiza Malik
Marriage is considered as the relationship between two people. They share emotional bonds, physical and emotional intimacy, responsibilities, and a source of income, as well as to fulfill developmental duties and create a happy household and family. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between Communication Patterns, Perceived Dyadic Trust and Marital Satisfaction in Long Distance Married Couples. The study used a quantitative approach and correlational design to collect data from a sample of Long Distance Married Couples. The total participants (N=159) were selected from snowball sampling from different cities of Pakistan. The Participants completed a series of standardized tests including the Communication Pattern Scale Shafee and Subhan (2019) Dyadic Trust Scale Larzelere and Huston (1980) and Couple Satisfaction Index (Funk, J. L. & Rogge, R. D, 2007). Data analysis was involving descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis between the variables. The findings of the study illustrate a positive relationship between Communication Pattern, Perceived Dyadic Trust and Marital Satisfaction. Multiple regression revealed that Communication Pattern and Perceived Dyadic Trust is a highly significant predictor of Marital Satisfaction. Gender differences revealed that there is no significant difference between factors of Communication Factors, Perceived Dyadic Trust and Marital Satisfaction. Education level indicates that there is significant difference between Communication Pattern, Perceived Dyadic Trust and Marital Satisfaction. It will help in making a strong base for further and extensive studies on long distance married couples.
Cyber victimization, cognitive bias, and mental health problems in emerging adults
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Areeba Latif
The current study aimed at knowing the relationships between cyber victimization, cognitive biases and mental health problems in emerging adults. A total of 402 college and university students voluntarily participated (men=204 and women=198) with the age range of 17-25 (M=19.2 years) through purposive sampling. The data were taken from using demographic sheet, cyber victimization scale, cognitive biases scale and depression anxiety stress (DASS-21) scale. The results showed that cyber victimization correlates with a significant positive relationship with mental health problems. Whereas, cognitive bias has a significant negative association with cyber victimization and mental health problems. Moreover, it was seen that men are more prone to cyber victimization and cognitive biases as compare to women having more mental health problems. Other than that, graduate students have more scores of cyber victimization, cognitive biases and mental health problems in contrast to intermediate students. Furthermore, late emerging adults have higher levels of cyber victimization and mental health problems whereas, middle emerging adults has greater levels of cognitive biases. The significant positive predictors of mental health problems are found to be gender, age and education levels, and cyber victimization while significant negative predictor is cognitive biases. The prominent findings can lead to more awareness sessions regarding cyber victimization, the impact of cognitive biases and mental health problems, related therapeutic interventions can be designed and given to the emerging adults. The limitations and suggestions of future researches has been highlighted in the end of the study.
Cyber victimization, self-silencing and interpersonal dependence in emerging adults
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Maheen Shahid
The current study aimed at knowing the relationships between cyber victimization, self silencing and interpersonal dependence in emerging adults. A total of 402 college and university students voluntarily participated (men=204 and women=198) with the age range of 17-25 (M=19.2 years). The data were taken from using demographic sheet, cyber victimization scale, self-silencing scale scale and interpersonal dependence scale. The purposive sampling strategy is used to gather data in order to determine results. The results showed that cyber victimization correlates with a significant positive relationship with interpersonal dependence. Other than that, the self-silencing has significant positive correlation with interpersonal dependence. On the contrary, self-silencing has a non significant negative association with cyber victimization Moreover, it was seen that men are more prone to cyber victimization and as compare to women having more self-silencing and interpersonal dependence. Other than that, graduate students have more scores of cyber victimization, self-silencing and mental health problems in contrast to intermediate students. Furthermore, early emerging adults have higher levels of self-silencing whereas, late emerging adults has greater level of interpersonal dependence than middle and early emerging adults. In addition, gender, education and age levels, cyber-victimization and self silencing are found to be significant positive predictors of interpersonal dependence. The prominent findings can lead to more awareness sessions regarding cyber victimization, the impact of self-silencing and interpersonal dependence, related therapeutic interventions can be designed and given to the emerging adults. The limitations and suggestions of future researches has been highlighted in the end of the study.
Cyber victimization, social intelligence and interpersonal dependence in emerging adults
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Yusra Zafar
The current study aimed at exploring the relationships between Cyber Victimization, Social Intelligence and Interpersonal Dependence in Emerging Adults. A total of 402 college and university students participated (men=204 and women=198) with the age range of 17-25 (M=19.2 years) through purposive sampling. The data were taken from using demographic sheet, Cyber Victimization scale, Social Intelligence scale and Interpersonal Dependence) scale. The results showed that cyber victimization had significant negative correlation with Social Intelligence, significant positive association with interpersonal dependence. Whereas, social intelligence has a significant negative association with interpersonal dependence. Moreover, it was seen that men were more prone to cyber victimization and less vulnerable to interpersonal dependence on the other hand no gender differences were found in social intelligence. Other than that, graduate students have more scores of cyber victimization, and interpersonal dependence in distinction to intermediate students, having more social intelligence. Furthermore, late emerging adults have higher level of cyber victimization and interpersonal dependence in them while social intelligence was higher in early emerging adults. Findings of the study would be useful for more awareness sessions regarding cyber victimization, the impact on social intelligence and interpersonal dependence, related therapeutic interventions can be designed and given to the emerging adults.
Dark tetrad, embitterment and interpersonal difficulties among law and other students
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Tooba Zafar; Marrium Shafqat; Tahreem Hashim
The research aimed to investigate the relationship between dark tetrad, embitterment and interpersonal difficulties among law and other students. This is a quantitative correlational study using a non-probability purposive sampling strategy. A total of 261 university students with ages ranging from 17-28 were sampled. Data was collected through questionnaires using dark tetrad (SD4), embitterment scale (ES), and interpersonal difficulties scale (IDS). The findings of the study revealed that, there is a significant positive correlation between dark tetrad, embitterment and interpersonal difficulties. Machiavellianism and embitterment were found to be good predictors of lack of boundaries-a subscale of interpersonal difficulties. Law students and embitterment were found to be good predictors of mistrust-a subscale of interpersonal difficulties. Females exhibited higher score on over sensitiveness-a subscale of embitterment and male exhibited higher score on sadism-a subscale of dark tetrad and egocentrism-a subscale of embitterment. Law students exhibited higher score on mistrust-a subscale of interpersonal difficulties, as compared to non-law students. The findings will have major implications for universities in preventing interpersonal difficulties in students, and in promoting development of intervention strategies to cater the influence of dark personality traits and embitterment.
Dark triad, psychological flexibility, and interpersonal difficulties in government school and madrassa teachers
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Nimra Malik
Teaching is the sacred and professional occupation of the Pakistan. And this profession has diverse variety in it. So, This thesis investigates the complex relationships between Short Dark triad, psychological flexibility, and interpersonal challenges among instructors in government and madrassa schools. The study reveals unique patterns within the dark triad psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism and their effects on interactions between students and teachers through a thorough investigation. Educators have a crucial role in moulding social behaviour, as demonstrated by the negative consequences that teachers displaying traits associated with the dark triad have on students' behaviour. On contrary, those who are psychologically flexible are resilient when it comes to handling obstacles in life and handling confrontation with others. The study reveals a strong relationship between psychological flexibility and the characteristics of the short dark triangle, emphasising the connection between Machiavellianism and interpersonal problems. The sample comprises 300 number of participants in which demographic variables are analysed using descriptive statistics with having mean value of age was 32.13 and SD was 4.35 and cross tabulation, and significant correlations and age-related differences are found using ANOVA and T tests. Lastly, the psychometric evaluation guarantees the internal consistency of scales used in the analysis, offering a thorough foundation for comprehending the complex interplay among teacher interpersonal dynamics, psychological flexibility, and personality factors. The study's sample size represented a wide variety of viewpoints within the educational setting.
Egocentrism, relationship satisfaction and mental health issues in university students
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Esha Liaqat; Abeera Naeem; Memoona Batool
The research focuses to investigate the relationship between egocentrism, relationship satisfaction and mental health issues in university students. The current research employed a quantitative, correlational research strategy to obtain data from 317 university students. Sample includes almost equal distribution of male and female along with educational institute. The assessment tools included Embitterment Scale (Arfa Habib & Sadia Saleem, 2016), Quality of Relationships Inventory QRI (Pierce et al., 1991), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales DASS (S.H. & Lovibond, 1995). The target population for the study was obtained through convenient sampling techniques and ethical considerations were consider during the process of data collection by taking persmissions and informed conset. The statistical analysis methods used in this study incorporated descriptive statistics, correlation, regression test, T-test, and ANOVA. The study established the positive relations between egocentricity and mental health issues, and also the negative correlation between relationship satisfaction and mental health issues. The regression analysis showed that individuals from private institutes and postgraduate programs with high levels of egocentrism and relationship conflict strongly predictors of mental health issues. Thus, the results of the study lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to aim at changing the students’ egocentric attitudes and increasing the amount of relational support in their lives, especially postgraduate and female students. For this reason, intervention programs that specifically developed for such students were suggested.
Emotion regulation, career decision-making difficulties, and mental health proplems in young adults
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Shaher Bano
The current study aimed to determine the relationship between Emotion Regulation, Career Decision-Making Difficulties, and Mental Health Problems in Young Adults. By using multistage sampling, a sample of 298 students was recruited from government and private universities in Lahore, Pakistan. To collect empirical data, the Emotion Regulation Scale for University Students, the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale were applied. The findings showed that emotion regulation was non-significantly correlated with young adults' career choices. Results revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between career decision-making difficulties and mental health problems in young adults and simultaneously a non-significant negative relationship between emotion regulation and mental health problems in young adults. Results also revealed that there were more career decision-making difficulties among government university students, the participants of the first semester had high career decision-making difficulties and the participants of the second semester had high mental health problems as compared to the first, third, and fourth semesters. Moreover, the study suggests improving mental health outcomes for young adults by providing emotion regulation training and counseling services to help students identify their interests and career paths more effectively.
Emotion regulation, social intelligence and internalizing & externalizing problems in rural & urban adolescents
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Zohra
The current study was conducted to find out the relationship between emotion regulation, social intelligence, and internalizing and externalizing problems among rural and urban adolescents. And to find out the difference between rural and urban adolescents' social behavioral and emotional problems. 304 participants 152 boys and 152 girls from class 9th, 10th, 1st year and 2nd year. And from private and government schools and colleges. Data was collected by stratified random sampling. The emotion regulation questionnaire for emotion regulation, Social intelligence scale for social intelligence, and School children problem scale for internalizing and externalizing problems questionnaires were used for data analysis. Most of the chosen sample belongs to the age range between 15-17 years old. Results show that social skills, social facilitation, and social intelligence are positive predictors of internalizing and externalizing problems in rural and urban adolescents. This study found that emotional regulation is significantly different in classes. Class 12th shows more emotional regulation than other classes. Class 10th shows the least emotional regulation. Social withdrawal is significant across classes. Class 10th shows more withdrawal as compared to others. Class 9th shows the least social withdrawal. Other factors of internalizing and externalizing problems are not significant. There are no significant mean differences in social intelligence.
Emotional neglect, family communication, tolerance of ambiguity and self-harm in veterinary students
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Minahil Naeem; Laiba Adil
The purpose of this research study was to investigate the correlation between emotional neglect, family communication, tolerance of ambiguity, and self-harm among veterinary students. Employing a cross-sectional study design, a sample of 303 veterinary students (62.4% male and 37.7% female) with an average age of 21 (SD = 1.68) participated. The study tested the main hypotheses by assessing participants using the Emotional Neglect Scale (ENS), Family Cohesion Scale (FCS), Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale (TAS), and Self-Harm Tendencies Scale (SHTS). Utilizing SPSS for data analysis, correlation, and regression analysis indicated a significant association between emotional neglect, family communication, tolerance of ambiguity, and self-harm. The findings highlighted that emotional neglect, family communication, and tolerance of ambiguity serve as predictors for self-harm. These outcomes underscore the importance for counselors and clinical psychologists to develop tailored intervention plans and preventive measures to mitigate the severe consequences associated with emotional neglect, family communication, and tolerance of ambiguity.
Emotional neglect, identity issues and academic problems in adolescents
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Tooba Shahzad
The research study aimed to explore the relationship between emotional neglect and identity issues in correlation with academic problems. A cross-sectional study design is being used among a sample of 300 college students (50% male and 50% female) aged between 15 and 19 years (M = 17.5, SD = 1.34). In this research study main hypotheses are being tested to evaluate the association, the assessment included the Emotional Neglect Scale (ENS), Identity Scale (IIS) for College Students, and School Children Problem Scale (SCPS), along with a Demographic Form. The data was analyzed using SPSS and the findings of correlation and regression analysis showed a significant relationship between emotional neglect, identity issues, and academic problems. The results revealed that emotional neglect is a predictor of identity issues and academic problems. These results hold significant implications for counsellors and clinical psychologists, emphasizing the need for tailored intervention plans and preventive measures to avert the severe consequences of emotional neglect, identity issues, and academic challenges.
Emotional neglect, premenstrual symptoms, and academic difficulties in university females
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Mawra Masood; Fizza Ali; Naima Anees
The present study aimed to find out the correlation between emotional neglect pre menstrual symptoms and academic difficulties in university females. The research utilized a quantitative correlational design. The data was collected from 300 participants from both Government and private universities of Lahore, through purposive sampling Indigenous tools were used for Data Collection which included emotional neglect scale (Saleem et al., 2020) , premenstural symptom scale (Khalid & Saleem, 2015) and student problem checklist (Mehmood & Saleem, 2011). Data analysis conducted through SPSS involved Descriptive Statistics, Correlational Analysis, Regression T-test and ANOVA. Correlation analysis showed that more severe emotional neglect was significantly related to the presence of more serious premenstrual symptoms and academic problems. Multiple regression analysis indicated that emotional neglect and academic problems were the predictors of premenstrual symptoms. T-tests revealed that students at government universities had more academic problems as compared with students at private universities. There were no differences concerning birth order and professional degree level using ANOVA.The study was limited to the universities of Lahore which might not accurately reflect the country’s overall population. The implication of the study will be to develop policies that are targeted toward awareness programs addressing the impact of emotional neglect and premature symptoms on academic performance increasing mental health resources for the affected student.
Family cohesion, perception of marriage and psychological distress in young unmarried women
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Minahil Munir; Bareera Shahid; Arooj Hameed
The current study aimed to find the relationship between family cohesion, perception of marriage and psychological distress in young unmarried women. The total of 300 participants with the age range of 18 to 29 years (M=21, SD=2.22) were recruited for this research. It was a correlational based study and strategic sampling was used to collect data from both the private and government universities. Family cohesion scale (FCS), Perception of marriage (MPS) and for Psychological distress depression anxiety stress scale (DASS) were used in this study. Correlation analysis, regression and independent sample t-test were used to find out the results of the study. The findings of inter-correlation among study variables showed the individuals with high family cohesion had positive intent towards marriage, a positive general attitude towards marriage and a positive aspect of marriage. Results also indicated that individual with high family cohesion, positive intent towards marriage, positive general attitude towards marriage and a positive aspect of marriage would have lesser depression anxiety and stress and vice versa. Regression analysis identified sharing, intent to marry and general attitude towards marriage as predictors of psychological distress in young unmarried women, measured by the depression anxiety and stress scale. An independent sample t-test revealed differences in marriage perceptions between private and government universities. Participants from nuclear families reported higher anxiety than those from join families, indicating lower family cohesion. The current study will help the young unmarried women to overcome their fears regarding marriage by conducting seminars, workshops and counselling sessions,foster positive attitude towards marriage and contributing in overall wellbeing of society.
Family cohesion, social intelligence and internalizing & externalizing problems in urban & rural adolescents
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) Hammad Hassan
This research study aims to compare family cohesion, social intelligence, and internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents in urban and rural areas. A correlational research design was used. Stratified Random sampling was used for this study. Data was collected from both urban and rural adolescents from schools and colleges. Data was collected from 304 participants and both of the genders participated equally (152 each). The data collection form started with a demographic Performa and consisted of a family cohesion scale, social intelligence scale, and school children problem scale. SPSS variant-25 was used for statistical analysis. As a result, it was found that urban adolescents exhibit significantly higher emotional behavioral problems and have higher social skills as compared to rural adolescents. Rural adolescents have a higher level of family cohesion, family communication, and family satisfaction. In gender, girls had more emotional behavioral problems as compared to boys. On the other hand, boys have a higher level of aggression, balanced cohesion, and family cohesion. Family communication was more in school-level adolescents than college-level adolescents. Externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems were found more in adolescents from nuclear family systems. Family cohesion and social intelligence were correlated with internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents respectively.
Family communication, career decision-making difficulties, and mental health problems in young adults
(UMT, Lahore, 2024) SHAMA ARSHAD ALI
The aim of current study was to find the relationship between the Family Communication, Career-Decision Making Difficulties and Mental Health Problems in Young Adults. A sample of students was recruited from government and private universities in Lahore, Pakistan, using a strategy of stratified random sampling. Questionnaires, the Family Communication Scale, Career-Decision Making Difficulties Scale and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale were utilized to collect empirical data. The findings revealed that there was significance relationship between Family Communication, Career-Decision Making Difficulties and Mental Health Problems in Young Adult. The main implication drawn from these studies is that dysfunctional family communication styles, such as poor conflict resolution, lack of support, and over-involvement, can contribute to heightened career decision making difficulties and increased risk of mental health issues among individuals.

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