2019

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Communication pattern, differentiation of self, parental power prestige and marital adjustment among married women
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Amna Ishaq Dogar
The present study aimed to investigate the impact of Communication pattern, Differentiation of self, Parental power prestige on Marital Adjustment. Cross sectional research design was used. Sample of 200 married women with an age range of 25-40 were approached non-probability purposive sampling. Women who were married for at least five years were included. Assessment measures included in the study were Demographic Sheet, Communication Pattern questionnaire (Christensen &Sullaway, 1989), Differentiation of Self Inventory (2003), Parental power prestige 3PQ(Rhoner, 2011) and Marital Adjustment Test (Locke & Wallace, 1959 ). Product moment correlation revealed that there was significant relationship found between communication pattern and differentiation of self with marital adjustment. While, there was no significant relationship was found between parental power prestige and marital adjustment. Linear regression showed no significant prediction. Similarly path analysis indicated that there was no mediation found between variables. The results were described through Bowen’s theory of Family system. Limitation and implications were also discussed.
Development of learning readiness scale and comparison of learning readiness errors between government school & shanty town preschoolers
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Saman Zafar
The current study is an effort to explore the areas of learning readiness in preschoolers by developing a regional scale on Learning Readiness. The relationship of learning readiness between government school children and children belonged to Shanty Town was also explored through this research. It was hypothesized that government school children will score low in learning readiness errors as compared to Shanty Town children. The research was carried out in IV phases i.e. exploring phenomenology, expert validation, pilot study and finally main study. The data was collected from the government school and shanty town school through Stratified Random Sampling. The measures of the current study comprised of The Learning Readiness Scale and Assessment Tool Kit. The results showed highly positive significant relationship of learning readiness errors with reading readiness English errors and reading readiness Urdu errors, however learning readiness errors had a no significant relationship with the language readiness and physical readiness errors in preschoolers. Findings of t-test showed that learning readiness errors were high in preschoolers belong to slum area as compared to preschoolers of Government Schools. However, gender different regarding learning readiness skills were not significant in results.
Differential parenting, sibling relationship quality and psychological well-being of adolescents
(UMT Lahore, 2019) AYESHA ALI
Parents need to be mindful to treat their children equally and make a friendly relationship with them as the primary caregivers play a crucial role in individual development. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between differential parenting sibling relationship quality and the psychological well-being of adolescents. It was hypothesized that differential parenting (Maternal/Paternal affection and control) was likely to affect the sibling’s relationship quality and psychological well-being of adolescents. The correlational research design was used with 214 adolescents with males (n = 148) and females (n=66) from private schools and colleges. Screening form, Demographic Information Questionnaire, Differential Parenting Treatment subscale of Sibling Inventory of Differential Experiences (Daniels & Plomin, 1985), Sibling Relationship Quality Questionnaire (SRQ) (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985) and Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being (Ryff, 1989). Descriptive and Inferential statistics were employed for data analyses. In inferential statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation analyses, Hierarchical Regression analyses, and Structural equation modelling were used for data analyses. The results revealed that there was a significant negative relationship between differential parent and warmth between siblings. Sibling relationship quality has a significant positive relationship with psychological well-being. Sibling relationship quality emerged as a significant predictor of psychological well being. The conflict between siblings and warmth/closeness mediated the relationship between differential parenting (father and mother treatment) and the psychological well being of adolescents. The bonding with siblings infers radical changes in the psychological well-being of adolescents. This study can serve as a guide for parents to xiv help their children have a strong bonding with their siblings and grow as a beneficial member of the family as well as society.
Dowry
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Sana Fatima
The current study was carried out to explore the parental views, concerns and expectations regarding dowry practice. For this purpose, three fathers’ of marriageable daughters, three fathers’ of married daughters, three mothers of marriageable son and three mothers of married son were selected who practiced dowry. Participants were interviewed at their residence after taking permission to proceed. Data was analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Through particular steps of content analysis certain themes emerged. It was reviewed that participants almost from every sect, caste, status, educational and familial background, practice dowry. Three superordinate themes were dowry perspective, concerns behind dowry and consequences and coping of dowry. Participants were aware of concept, origin and religion basis of dowry system still practice due to various voluntary (mainly welfare and facilitation purpose, parental and daughter desire) and imposed factors (in-laws pressure, conformity with social norms, to avoid misconduct, maintain social standing, as power gaining). Participants were mainly support limited dowry provision on daughter’s wedding but opposed accepting from daughter-in-law, which depicts their disdain for dowry but abandoned to eliminate this persistent tradition. Mother-in-law holds high expectations regarding qualities and personality of daughter-in-law. Participants’ indicated destructive impact of dowry at societal, economical and familial level like greediness, son preference, delayed marriages, loans, psychological impact, financial miseries, dowry related violence divorce rate and materialism in our society. Coping challenges of dowry were included difficulty in confronting societal norms, continued tradition and lack of unity to cease this system. Eradication measures of dowry system included promoting awareness and knowledge of Islamic Shariah, role of media, positive attitude towards daughters and developing sense of equity among community. Themes elicited from transcriptions were significantly related to the literature. This study helped us to understand the core motives behind provision and accepting dowry from both parties (bride side and groom side).
Emotion regulation, sense of coherence and quality of life
(UMT Lahore, 2019) UME-AIMEN-QADIR ,; ZUNAIRA TARIQ
This correlational cross-sectional research explores the relation of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), emotion regulation, sense of coherence and quality of life. IBS is a common disorder affecting the large intestine, it is characterized by cramping, abdominal pain bloating, gas and recurring diarrhea and constipation, and this disorder is incurable but manageable. In this study non-probability purposive sampling (patients diagnosed with IBS were recruited) was used (n=100, age 21-35 years). For exploring relationship between emotion regulation, sense of coherence and quality of life among IBS patients, Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used. Emotion Regulation was found to be positively significantly correlated with sense of coherence and irritable bowel syndrome, and non-significant with Quality of Life. In addition, in the third step regression analysis was used to find out Sense of coherence was found to be non-significant with irritable bowel syndrome and Quality of Life. Irritable Bowel Syndrome was found to be positively significant correlated with Quality of Life. ERQ and IBS were found to be a significant predictor of QOL.
Gender teaching experiences of women in government elementary school for boys
(2019) Faiza Riaz
The purpose of the present study was to explore the Gender Teaching Experiences of Women in Government Elementary School for Boys. The present Qualitative Research was aimed to explore the gender based teaching experiences of female teachers in boy’s elementary school. The sample of five female teachers was selected. Purposive sampling was used to locate the participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather data. The data was analyzed by using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. There are number of themes were emerged that reflect the gender based experiences of female teachers in male settings. These themes are: Flirting, Disciplinary Problems and Difficult to handle boys. While themes for handling boys are: Managing boys in the class and use of teaching strategies. The results assisted in understanding that though gender based experiences are unique but brings numerous sufferings in male setting which female’s faced. The findings further highlighted the need to develop professional trainings for female teacher, counseling sessions and improvement in the recruitment polices by The Government.
Intimate partner’s acceptance rejection, fear of intimacy and marital satisfaction among married women
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Sadia Qazi
The principle goal of this study was to explore the mediating role of Fear of Intimacy in the relationship between intimate partner’s acceptance-rejection and marital satisfaction among 250 married women in Pakistan. Urdu version of Intimate Adult Relationship Questionnaire (IARQ) (Rohner, 2004), Fear of Intimacy scale (FIS) (Descutner & Thelen, 1991), Couple’s Satisfaction Index (CSI) (Funk& Rogge, 2007) were administered. It was hypothesized there would likely be a relationship between partner’s acceptance-rejection fear of intimacy and marital satisfaction among married women. Partner’s acceptance rejection and fear of intimacy would likely predict marital satisfaction among married women. Fear of intimacy would likely mediate the relationship between partner’s acceptance rejection and marital satisfaction among married women. The results of Pearson product moment correlation showed that partner’s acceptance had significant positive relationship with marital satisfaction, while partner’s rejection had significant negative relationship with marital satisfaction. Moreover, partners acceptance had negative significant association with Fear of Intimacy and Partners rejection had significant positive association with Fear of intimacy. the mediation analysis through SEM (AMOS) revealed that Fear of Intimacy mediated partially between partner’s acceptance rejection and marital satisfaction.
Materialism, spirituality and criminal attitude in university teachers and students
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Ansa Akram
The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relation between materialism, spiritualty and criminal attitude in university teachers and students. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a positive relationship between materialism and criminal attitude on the other hand there is likely to be negative relationship between spirituality and criminal attitude in university teachers and students. It is also hypothesized that the spirituality is likely to moderate between the relationship of criminal attitude and materialism. Correlational research design were used in current study. The sample of 150 teachers with age range 25-35 (M=2.07, SD=.86) and 150 Students with age range 18-22 (M= 1.23, SD= .44), were recruited through convenient sampling technique from Public and Private Sector Universities. Data was collected by using the Measure of Criminal attitude and Association (Mills, Kroner & Hemmti, 2004), The Multidimensional Measure of Islamic Spirituality (MMS) (Dasti & Sitwat, 2014), Material Values Scale (Richins 2004) and Mini Mental Status Examination (Awan, Shahbaz, Akhtar, Ahmad, Iqbal, Ahmed, & Wasay, 2015). Results of Pearson product moment correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive relationship between materialism and criminal attitude whereas significant negative relationship examined between materialism and spirituality construct in university teachers and students. Moreover, the result of moderation analysis through Macro Process shown that Spirituality moderate the relationship between materialism and criminal attitude. In addition to this independent sample t-test also revealed that there were significant gender and role (teachers and students) difference found in current study
Minority stress, resilience, and quality of life among transgender people in pakistan
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Naila Hameed
The present research was aimed to examine the relationship among minority stress, resilience and quality of life in transgender people. The sample was consisted of N=200 taken from Lahore city and age range of the participant was 20-40 years. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. Minority Stress LGBT Measure (Pearl, 2016), State-Trait Resilience Inventory (Hiew, 2000) and Quality of life (Flanagan, 1982) were used as assessment measures. The results of Pearson product correlation showed that there was negative significant relationship among minority stress subscales everyday discrimination, discrimination events, internalized stigma and community connectedness and quality of life while positive significant correlation was found between resilience and quality of life. There was not found any significant relationship between minority stress and resilience. There was significant negative relationship found between minority stress and government support. Results also revealed that there was negative significant correlation between resilience and age, leaving home duration, family contact and government support. The result of moderation analysis revealed minority stress as significant negative predictor while resilience as significant positive predictor for quality of life. Interaction effect (minority stress x resilience) also found significant predictor of quality of life. No significant impact of covariates found in moderation analysis for quality of life. The results of moderation also revealed conditional effect of resilience that explain non-significant relationship between minority stress and quality of life. The results of independent measure ANOVA revealed significant mean differences in term of minority stress subscales for occupation (identity concealment, internalized stigma, community connectedness) of minority stress with large effect size , while significant mean difference found in subscales (everyday discrimination, rejection anticipation, victimization events) of minority stress with medium effect size. Results also revealed significant mean differences in term of resilience and quality of life for occupation with medium effect size. Study concluded that increase minority stress badly influences the quality of life of transgender people on the other hand resilience buffer this effect of minority stress on quality of life.The findings would help counselors to develop strategies that may help their transgender client to avoid risk situations related to involvement in minority stress.
Multicultural competence, social alienation and mental health in pashtun students
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Rai Ahmad Khan; Laraib Nazir; Aroob Hashim
The aim of following study was to investigate the relationship between multicultural competences, social alienation and mental health to in case of Pashtun students. The study was conducted using purposive sampling technique consist of 120 Pashtun students with the age range of 18 to 35 years (M=22.6, SD=3.31). The data collected from private and public universities of Lahore. Two main hypothesis findings have been explored in this empirical research study. The first hypothesis states that there is an association between multicultural competence, social alienation and mental health of Pashtun students. According to second hypothesis, mental wellbeing is likely to predict multicultural competence and loneliness. There are three scales which are used in this present study, Multicultural competence scale which was developed by (Jibaja et al, 1994), Mental health continuum short form scale was developed by (Ryff’s and Keyes, 1998) and Loneliness scale which was developed by (Russel, 1996). The findings of the study suggest that there is weak positive and insignificant association between the multicultural competence and loneliness; but has weak negative and statistically significant relationship with the mental health. Meanwhile, the study also suggests that mental health of the students depends on the various demographic variables. It has been concluded that in this present study, emotional, social and psychological barriers in multicultural settings affect mental health and to eradicate the social alienation of the Pashtun student’s cultural values, norms, beliefs and attitudes are the skills that really need to learn to adjust in any new cultural background.
Musical identity, absorption and flourish among music and non-music students
(UMT Lahore, 2019) SADIA MUSHTAQ
Occupational stress, resilience, and burnout among firefighters of punjab emergency services, rescue 1122
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Saqib Ali
The current study aimed to investigate the predictive role of occupational stress for burnout while considering the resilience as moderator among firefighters of Punjab Emergency Service, Rescue 1122. The sample of firefighters (N=200) was selected through purposive sampling technique from Lahore, Sialkot, Sheikhupura, Sargodha, and Gujranwala. To collect the data, Health Safety Executive Management Standard Indicator Tool (HSE-MSIT), State-Trait Resilience Inventory, and Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) were used to measure the occupational stress, resilience, and burnout. According to Mappi guidelines, HSE-MSIT and MBI-GS were translated in to Urdu language before use. To analyze the data, Point Bi-serial correlation, hierarchical linear regression, moderation analysis, independent sample t test, and independent measure ANOVA were used. The results of moderation analysis revealed the significant moderating role of resilience between the relationship of occupational stress and burnout among firefighters. The results of hierarchical linear regression revealed occupational stress as significant predictor of burnout. The results of the research confirm the predictive role of occupational stress for burnout while resilience serves the role as buffer which reduces the impact of occupational stress on burnout.
Pakistani married women survivors of child sexual abuse and their intimate relationship difficulties
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Amina Tariq
The present study explored effects of child sexual abuse on present sexual satisfaction of married women. The present study explored sexual satisfaction among married women survivors of child sexual abuse. An interview guide was established to interview regarding the effects of child sexual abuse on the sexual satisfaction of the married women after reviewing the available literature on the topic. Data was collected by conducting face to face in-depth interview from 5 married women from Lahore, with age range of 21 to 35 years. Findings suggested that experience(s) of child sexual abuse has long term effects on the life of women survivors of child sexual abuse in terms of the sexual satisfaction. Qualitative interpretive phenomenological analysis revealed that women survivors of child sexual abuse may have issues in trusting their partners in terms of not being sincere with them along with a feeling of being betrayed by their partners. Women survivors of child sexual abuse reported feeling of depression, confusion in sexual relationship with regards to the sexual satisfaction of their husbands, and even after a long time, recalling that event was very discomforting for them. Personality issues like difference in real self and pretended self during sexual activity was also reported due to communication gap. Participants believed that refusal from sex may negatively affect their marital relationship. Pretended active participation was used during sexual activity to cope with the running thoughts of past traumatic sexual abuse, and to exhibit their involvement and to satisfy their partners.
Parental acceptance rejection and psychopathic tendencies in university students
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Namra Tufail; Ambreen Fatima
The present study was aimed to examine the relationship between parental acceptance rejection and psychopathic tendencies in university students. The sample was of N=200 (n=77 males, 123=females) university students taken from University of Lahore and University of Punjab. Age range of participants was17-25 years. Non probability purposive sampling was used. Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ); My Mother, My Father (Rohner, 2011) Psychopathic Tendencies Questionnaire (Lynam, 2000) were used as assessment measures. The result of Pearson product correlation showed that there was significant positive relationship found between my mother, and psychopathic tendencies. My mother also has a significant negative correlation with the subscales of psychopathic tendencies (lack of planning). My mother was found to be significant positive correlation with gender. My father has a significant negative relationship psychopathic tendency. My father has a significant positive correlation with the gender and negative correlation with the family system and subscales of psychopathic tendencies (glibness, guilt, callousness, behavioral dysfunction, impulsiveness, irresponsible) was significantly positively correlated with gender. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that parental acceptance rejection was a strong predictor of psychopathic tendencies. The result of Independent sample t-test revealed significant gender difference. Results reveal that female report high on my mother scale while males report high on my father scale for acceptance. Females report high on psychopathic tendencies scale, males report low on psychopathic tendencies scale. The findings of current research are thought provoking in the context of our cultural and religious norms.
Perceived parenting styles, perfectionism and body dysmorphic tendencies among young adults
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Iffrah Bint E Ashraf; Sadia Nawaz Kahoot
The study aimed to explore the predictive relationship of perceived parenting styles and perfectionism on body dysmorphic tendencies among young adults. Data was collected through non-probability convenient sampling and a sample of 300 (men = 79, women = 221), age range18 to 30 (M= .26; SD= .44), from different universities of Lahore. The research design was correlational cross-sectional. Data was collected through Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) by Cooper, Taylor, Cooper & Fairburn (1986), Scale of Parenting Style by Gafoor & Kurukkan (2014) and The Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PANPS) (Terry-Short et al., 1995). The data was analyzed through Pearson product-moment and regression analysis. Results revealed that there was a significant correlation between body image, negative perfectionism, maternal responsiveness, maternal control, paternal responsiveness and paternal control. Moreover, perfectionism predicted body dysmorphic tendencies. The findings will help in the prevention and formation of strategies to deal with BDT (body dysmorphic tendencies) by advancing the understanding.
Perception of motherhood among pakistani women
(UMT Lahore, 2019) AMMARA HASMI
Mother holds a significant position of reverence in the familial and cultural paradigms of pronatal societies. The experience of becoming a mother or not being able to become a mother therefore has certain psychological and social implications for the woman. Using mixed-method approach, this research explored the perception of motherhood in Pakistan. Study I used an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to qualitatively explore the perception of motherhood. The sample of twelve women was drawn using purposive and snowball sampling techniques while data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Study II used a quantitative approach in order to explore the perception of motherhood in general adult population. The sample of two hundred and frothy adults was deployed using convenience sampling to develop, construct and validate an indigenous scale by using Exploratory Factor Analysis. The data revealed that the perception of motherhood was largely an expression of widely held cultural notions and personal psychological experiences, which makes it a psychosocial construct. Furthermore, it was found that the personal experiences of the selected sample contributed to an emerging perception, which challenges the established social paradigms about motherhood.
Personality type, professional commitment and professional jealousy in university teachers
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Mahum Ijaz; Sonia Iftikhar
The purpose of the current study was to find the relationship between Personality type, Professional Commitment and Professional Jealousy in University Teachers. A co-relational research design was used in the present study. The sample (N= 150) of university teachers were selected from various universities in Lahore both government and private through using non probability purposive sampling. Behavior pattern scale, Professional commitment scale for university teachers and Professional jealousy scale were used to determine personality type, professional commitment and professional jealousy respectively in university teachers. Factor analysis was applied for professional commitment scale and four factors emerged from it. Results of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation determined that personality type AB has a positive and significant association with factor 1 (hopelessness in excellence/growth), factor 2 (unconcerned/uncommitted) and factor 3 (commitment to profession and society) of professional commitment. Factor 1 (hopelessness in excellence/growth) is significantly and positively correlated with factor 2 (unconcerned/uncommitted) and factor 3 (commitment to profession and society). Factor 3 (commitment to profession and society) is positively and significantly interrelated with factor 4 (commitment to learner). Professional jealousy has positive and significant relationship with factor 1 (hopelessness in excellence/growth) while negative with factor 4 (commitment to learner). Results of Hierarchal Regression established the predicting role of personality, professional commitment and professional jealousy. Factor 1 (hopelessness in excellence/growth) was the significant predictor of professional jealousy. The present study will be helpful for university management to find factors that increase professional commitment and decrease professional jealousy among teachers while also taking personality patterns into consideration.
Phubbing and quality of interpersonal relationship in university students
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Shazia Maroof; Aimen Arooj
The purpose of the current study was to find the relationship between phubbing, being phubbed and quality of interpersonal relationship in university students. A co-relational research design was used in the current study. The sample of N= 197 university students with the age range of 18-25 years was selected from students of university of the Punjab, university of Management and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore by using non probability convenient sampling. Generic Scale of Phubbing and Generic scale of being Phubbed (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2018) and Relationship Quality Version (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985) were used to determine phubbing, being phubbed and quality of interpersonal relationship respectively in university students. Findings of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation revealed that phubbing has a significant positive relationship with being phubbed and also has a significant positive relationship with discord which is the subscale of quality of interpersonal relationship. This means that individuals who do phubbing are more likely to be perceived as being phubbed by others and individuals who do phubbing have weak interpersonal relationship. On the other hand, being phubbed has a significant positive relationship with discord which means that people who face phubbing has weak interpersonal relationship. Closeness has significant negative relationship with discord (subscales of quality of interpersonal relationship). Findings of Hierarchal Regression determined the predicting role of phubbing, being phubbed for the quality of interpersonal relationship. Nomophobia was the significant predictor of closeness. The current study will be helpful for clinicians, social workers, teachers to make students, people aware of negative consequences of phubbing and how to protect adults from phubbing.
Psychosocial issues and coping methods of gays
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Ahtsham Pervez
Non heterosexuality in Pakistan is understood as ones’ voluntary actions only and not to any extent as one’s biological, emotional and romantic inclination. Therefore, there is not just a stigma attached with it but it is also a taboo in our traditional and conservative society. Any other sexuality other than heterosexuality is not recognized by law. In fact, it is illegal and punishable offence by law. It is not even something that can be openly talked about. As a result, Sexual minorities and their issues are not studied and explored by government organizations or in academics as well. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the psychosocial issues experienced by Gays living in Pakistani cultural context and how do they cope with those issues. Six Gay individuals participated in the current study and researcher used semi-structured interviews with each participant to gather data. Results derived using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) explains that there are many issues associated with Gay identity of men living in Pakistan. These issues and coping methods emerged in form of 10 superordinate themes including many sub-themes and these issues can be seen spreading out into every dimension of participants’ lives. This study provides with comprehensive understanding of psychosocial issues experienced by Gays connecting it with the socio cultural and political factors that influence the dynamics Gay community. Based on the results researcher provide suggestions for further studies and implications for Gay community, educators, researchers who are working with the Gay population.
Psychosocial wellbeing of unmarried working women
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Komal Sarbuland
The collectivist culture of Asian communities embraces a significant function in the life of unmarried women. By using the mixed method approach, present study studied the psychosocial wellbeing of unmarried working women. Study I brings lights upon the association between perceived stress, social support, ways of coping and psychosocial wellbeing of unmarried working women. Through purposive sample N= 200 unmarried working women, aged between 28 to 45 years were assessed using Urdu version of scales; Perceived Stress Scale (Tahira & Kauser,2013), Multidimensional Perceived Social Support (Zafar & Kausar, 2015), Ways of Coping (Batool & Kausar, 2013) and Psychosocial Wellbeing (Faran & Malik, 2015). Correlational analysis revealed that psychosocial well-being significantly and negatively correlated with perceived stress, whereas significantly and positively correlated with social support and ways of coping, results also showed significant correlation with demographics (age, education, occupation). Outcomes of independent t-test showed significant difference between perceived stress, social support, ways of coping and psychosocial wellbeing of unmarried working teachers and unmarried working nurses. Mediation analysis revealed that social support and ways of coping were the negative predictors of perceived stress, whereas positive predictors of psychosocial well-being. In Study II Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was brought to use for the exploration purpose of social experiences of unmarried working women with low well-being and unmarried working women with high wellbeing. The sample of four unmarried working women using convenience sampling, and data was gathered via semi-structured interviews. Findings revealed that unmarried working women with low wellbeing experiences negative attitude towards themselves from their families and colleagues, and felt psychological distress and in result of that distress they socially marginalized xvi themselves from social gatherings, whereas unmarried working women with high wellbeing described their experiences as self-composed psychological wellbeing, they tend to used social avoidance behavior in order to cope with experiences related to their unmarried status. The qualitative part of the study enriches the findings of quantitative study. This study enhanced the understanding of the concept of psychosocial wellbeing of unmarried working women who are unmarried after the age of 28, which is taken without any consideration as a natural and predictable event in the life of each unmarried working women.

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