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A Bolekaja-Womanist Analysis of the Selected Works of Julie Okoh & Stella Oyedepo
(UMT Lahore, 2019) Nida Tanveer Shami
This research explores the dynamics of Nigerian theatre from Bolekaja-Womanist perspective. It reveals the laudable contributions of the male-oriented Bolekaja and Womanist movements aimed at the wellbeing and betterment of Nigerians. The study also aims at underscoring the honest contributions of the women playwrights for the elevation of women’s position within the Nigerian society in general and theatre in particular. It also glorifies the collective Bolekaja Womanist endeavors through literature to eradicate colonial encrustations from Nigerian mentality. Both movements demonstrate their autonomous Afrocentric literature with African flavor and history to replace the racist and sexist colonial literature. Both advocate the Afrocentric literary, socio-cultural, economic and political system for Black Africa. However unlike masculine Bolekajaism, Womanists combine Afrocentric/ patriotic ethos with Black female voice for equal dignity, socio-cultural and political participation of women along with their Black counterparts. They like Bolekajaism reject Western feminist misrepresentation of African women and invite Bolekaja critics for mutual cooperation and complementarity. This research showcases the practical implication of Bolekaja-Womanist coalition in the contemporary play texts of Julie Okoh and Stella Oyedepo. Both womanist playwrights propagate Bolekaja ideals of Nigerian/African progress and prosperity while propagating mutual cooperation, reverence and equal contribution of both men and women within private and public sphere.
A comparative acoustic analysis of English vowel nasalization by Urdu and Pashto speakers in Pakistan
(UMT Lahore, 2020) Fateh-e-Hina Khalil
The present study investigates the process of English vowel nasalization by speakers of Urdu and Pashto languages. The comparative analysis of English vowel nasalization by both language speakers is carried out. The study adopts an acoustic approach to investigate the issue. Since English, Urdu, and Pashto have different phonemic inventories, phonotactic constraints, and syllabification patterns, it was hypothesized that speakers with Urdu and Pashto as their L1, tend to apply their L1 phonotactic constraints while speaking English. To test the hypothesis, five short and five long vowels were selected. A word list of targeted long and short vowels was prepared for the present study. Selected words were taken both in the oral and nasal contexts. The participants were asked to articulate the word list embedded in a carrier phrase to mitigate the coarticulatory effect. The produced speech sample was recorded and analyzed using the speech processing software PRAAT. The Analysis revealed that traces of nasalization were more evident in the speech of Pashto speakers, both in oral/nasal context, than in the speech of Urdu speakers. It was further revealed that the nasality affected the length of English long and short vowels as spoken by Urdu and Pashto speakers. These effects of nasality were more evident in the case of nasal consonants at the initial position than on the final position of words.
A Comparative Analysis of US Presidential Debates 2016 on the Use of Speech Acts and Grice Maxims by Clinton and Trump
(UMT Lahore, 2018) SUMRA FARHEEN
The language plays an important role in winning the hearts of the people and gaining their support. The political speeches/debates made by various politicians have been analyzed from different perspectives by the researchers at national and international level. In political speeches/debates politicians interact with the audience with the help of language. Language is used by politicians not only as a medium of communication but also as a tool to influence the public. The present research attempts to analyze US presidential debates 2016 made by Hillary Clinton and Donald trump during the US election 2016. The debates have been analyzed within the framework of Searle’s Typology of Speech Acts and Grice Maxims. The data consisted of the answers of the questions asked by both the candidates. Moreover, the questions have been categorized according to the main themes of the debates. The study analyzes the use of speech acts by the candidates in order to make their language more influential and persuasive. They employed assertive, commissive, directive, declarative and expressive speech acts while answering the questions. The study revealed that Trump employed more assertive and directive speech acts as compared to Hillary whereas she employed more commissive speech acts as compared to Trump. The study also revealed that candidates followed/violated maxims of quantity, relevance and manner consciously or unconsciously in order to hide certain information or to show commitment to their words and promises. Trump violated more and followed less number of maxims as compared to Clinton. The employed speech acts and followed/violated maxims by both the candidates have been presented in the form of a table along with each question. The percentages of the employed speech acts and followed/violated maxims have been presented in the form of bar-charts and pi-charts.
A comparative study of modern man’s alienation in the selected work of franz kafka and david foster wallace
(UMT Lahore, 2023) Ushna Hafeez
Franz Kafka’s and David Foster Wallace’s work revolves around man’s existential crisis and alienation in the compartmentalized (post)modern world. Although, Wallace is a postmodernist and Franz Kafka's work has modernistic inclinations, these writers share uncannily similar writing style and themes. This study probes and examines the way the two writers portray existentialism in their works and, more importantly, traces the way Wallace’s work includes Kafkaesque undertones. The research has been carried out on The Trial by Kafka and The Pale King by Wallace. The Trial consisting of ten chapters is a story of a modern man fighting the unjust and mindless bureaucracy. It reflects upon modern man’s sense of alienation and his anxieties in the hands of modern, compartmentalized world. The Pale King consists of 480 pages which are further followed by “Notes and Asides”. The novel includes pale, lifeless accountants and their monotonous routines they are trapped in. Time after time, they suffer from suicidal thoughts, boredom and existential dreads. Using the textual analysis approach and the theoretical framework of' existentialism, the selected novels have been studied, compared and evaluated closely. Irvin Yolam’s existential lens of “four ultimate concerns of life” and “existential isolation” has been borrowed. The said data source was selected because both the novels have not been studied parallelly in the light of existentialism before and there is not much work done in studying the selected novels through Irvin’s lens. This study concludes that the selected novels have thematic similarities and textual parallelism. Furthermore, it asserts that Kafka and Wallace share same views on bureaucracy, alienation, death, life, self, freedom and meaninglessness. On the basis of these similarities and parallelism, the study also observes David Foster Wallace as a postmodern Kafka. Since this research is aimed at discussing the existentialistic narratives of both, modern and postmodern writers, it can contribute to the already existing existential scholarship. Lastly, the study will help the future researchers in building connections between two different works in terms of literary age, themes and structure.
A comparative study of the use of adverbs in British and Pakistani English
(UMT Lahore, 2014) Akhtar Ali
The present research is a comparative study of the use of adverbs in the Pakistani English with that of the British English. This research is a corpus based analysis and Pakistani Written English (PWE) and the British English have been used as corpora in this research. For the purpose of present study, a general purpose corpus of 25 text categories for both the Pakistani Written English and British English has been made. The classification of adverbs as circumstance adverbs, stance adverbs and linking adverbs from Longman Grammar of Written and Spoken English by Biber et al. is taken as the basis for this classification. On the basis of their functions in the clause, adverbs have been categorized into three sub-categories: Circumstance; Stance; and Linking adverb. The study is a comparative analysis of 46 circumstance adverbs, 25 stance adverbs and 24 linking adverbs. This study is done on two levels: the first level is to determine the frequencies of the adverbs, and in the second level, the positions of the adverbs in the Pakistani English are comparatively analyzed with that of the British English. It is also observed that how the positions of adverbs in the Pakistani English vary from that of the native varieties. The frequencies and positions of adverbs have manually been studied. The sub-categories are further sub-divided on the basis of semantic functions, to study the variation of Pakistani English from the native variety regarding the use of adverbs. The averages have also been drawn to study the differences between the two varieties. Consequently, it is determined by the present research that variant and significant variations occur in the patterns of adverbs and adverbials in PWE with reference to frequency and position. Consequently, the variations consolidate the view that Pakistani English is a divergent variety of English.
A Content Analysis of Roald Dahl’s The BFG, Matilda and The Witches from the Perspectives of Attachment Theory and Separation Anxiety
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Semab Malik
The aim of this study is to examine the manifestation of attachment patterns, separation anxiety and the exhibition of attachment theory in child protagonist of the selected novels. The novels selected for the respective study include The BFG, Matilda and The Witches by Roald Dahl. The research intends to explore the attachment patterns and attachment behavior with reference to John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory and Mary Ainsworth’s Attachment Styles. Mary Ainsworth’s attachment styles are divided into secure, avoidant and insecure. It will also delve into the investigation of Separation Anxiety with respect to Bowlby’s commentary on the subject. The research will employ content analysis as its methodology and Attachment Theory as its theoretical framework. The study shows the attachment behavior displayed by Sophie, Matilda and Boy in the selected novels and the relatability of their experiences and emotions with reader are tested through questionnaire.
A descriptive study of an intercultural approach in English language teaching: a study of students’ and teachers’ perception in Pakistan at graduate and post graduate level
(UMT Lahore, 2012) Sidra Khursheed
The recent study analyses that how the L2 learners find out the differences between the home culture and the target culture. The purpose of the study is to emphasize on the importance of intercultural communication in ELT and the necessity to develop students’ intercultural communicative competence. The study makes use of the work of Michael Byram (1997a) Kramsch, (1998) to reach its desired findings. Data were collected from the different institutions of public and private universities of Lahore region. The survey questionnaire was adapted from Will Baker (2009) Scale of ICA (using e-learning to develop intercultural awareness in English language teaching) for L2 learners. One sample t-test was used to get the required results. The gender based analyses was also incorporated the variation regarding teachers and students’ perceptions. The finding of the study reveals effectiveness of intercultural communication. This study measures the perceptions and attitudes of teachers and second language learners as what role can cultures play in language learning. It is impossible to deny the significant role of intercultural approach in ELT in general and in the context of ELT in Pakistan in particular. However, to improve certain limitations, the research also suggests some recommendations.
A descriptive study of the Motivation (Instrumental & integrative) as a major drive for the learning of English Language at Graduate and post graduate level in Pakistan
(UMT Lahore, 2015) Anila Iram
The research project examines the type of motivation (instrumental & integrative) working as a driving force for the learning of English language in Pakistan at graduate and post graduate levels. The emerging trend of English language learning at a high rate calls forth to answer the question such as why learners are so ambitious to learn this language in the presence of a national language. Secondly, if they are learning English language, what is the kind of motivation urging them to learn it. The theoretical framework of the study comprises the literature related to the famous researches of R C Gardener and Wallace Lambert in the field of second language learning motivation conducted in the middle of 19th century. These researchers came up with the view that there are two types of motivation i.e. Instrumental and integrative motivation which work as driving force for the learning of any second language. Following the assumption of Gardner’s theory of L2 learning motivation the present study explored the type of motivation for English language learning (ELL). The research is descriptive in nature and data was collected through survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was adapted from Attitude motivation Test Battery AMTB developed by R. C Gardner (1985). The findings of the study show that English language learners at graduate and post graduate levels are highly instrumentally motivated. That means they learn English language as a means to attaining social, economic and educational success and not as a means in itself. The evidence gathered through statistical analyses also supported the view that English language learners in Pakistan are instrumentally motivated.
A Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis of Speech Acts in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Novels
(UMT Lahore, 2020) Khunsha Altaf Jafri
The study examines how speech acts in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s novels portray male hegemonic structures in place. The analysis is made by using the conceptual framework of Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA) which focuses on how gendered relations of power are reproduced, negotiated and contested in society. In order to apply this approach, I have chosen the novels, Purple Hibiscus (2003), Half of a Yellow Sun (2006) and Americanah (2013) as the primary texts. The research question designed in this study asks: how the female characters in the selected novels carve out their space despite the dominion of the male hegemonic structures. Various factors like male control, sovereignty and the subjugation of women play a significant part in the preeminence of patriarchal setup presented in the novels. However, the females create an emancipatory space for themselves and make some fruitful efforts such as retaliatory strategies to reverse the cycle of male domination. Speech acts theory has been used for the purpose of analysis in which I have used expressives, imperatives, directives, commissives, emphatics and assertives as the major speech acts. The research aims to find out how these speech acts depict the concept of male hegemony .The theory of FCDA helps in the analysis of the texts and it foregrounds the idea of female characters creating a free space for themselves.
A foucauldian analysis of tyrannical technology in george orwell’s nineteen eighty-four and don delillo’s white noise
(UMT Lahore, 2022) Ramish Nazir
This study provides a Foucauldian critique on the ubiquitous surveillance of technology in George Orwell’s 1984 and Don DeLillo’s White Noise by perusing its tyrannical use and abuse. It aims to highlight the clandestine ways of the authoritative governments to rule, dominate and “discipline” people through technological or virtual surveillance. The research focuses on the critical aspects of Orwell’s and DeLillo’s novels that, in various ways, relate to the tyrannical manipulation of their characters through the ‘propagandized’ and exploitative use of technology in the form of telescreens and televisions respectively. By canvasing the postmodern dystopia and paranoia of Orwell’s and DeLillo’s characters, the study contributes to the literary scholarship by a parallel investigation of the technological hegemony and panoptic surveillance in 1984 and White Noise. It attempts to discover how the two novelists underscored the ‘contemporary’ human concerns by delineating the existential plague of their characters who have become victims of technological subjugation. Through a Foucauldian model of Panoptic Surveillance (PS), his philosophical notions of technologies of power (TP) and technologies of the self (TS), the research investigates how merely the ideological setups of governing authorities such as ‘totalitarianism’ in Orwell’s 1984 and ‘consumer-capitalism’ in DeLillo’s White Noise exercise power and a stupefacient influence on their characters. Since not much work has been previously done on DeLillo in light of Orwellian deliberations and vice versa, except for a very few critics like Alghamdi, hence, this study carries on the discussion by essentially focusing on their comparable dystopian narratives, finding commonalities in their themes and portrayals of the ‘dictating’ use of technology. Through Foucault’s analysis of the ‘panoptic’ regimes in 1984 and White Noise, it will, however, be found out how Orwell’s and DeLillo’s characters themselves became a reason of their ‘self subjugation’ by ‘self-regulating’ and ‘self-disciplining’ their bodies under the fear of an omniscient gaze; thereby, deducing how such covert surveillance strategies of the Nazir 2 governments and media add to the chaos, oppression, and existential miseries of the modern man.
A gender based studyof lexical choices on facebook through social identity theory
(UMT Lahore, 2025) Aeman Hidayat
This study aims to scrutinize gender based linguistic choice on social media through social identity theory. The data are collected through mixed method approach that is qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative method, including ‘content analysis’ (Posts and comments from the profiles of Facebook were selected) and for quantitative method SPSS used (To find trends and correlations between gender, identity performance, and social media use, statistical analysis will be carried out). The sample population comprises young and old people (i-e. 25-55 years). The source of data collection is Facebook posts, comments and profiles i.e., 400. Using Social Identity Theory, the current research aims to provide insight into how individuals create and display their gender identities on the internet. This study intends to reveal the complex ways in which gender influences linguistic behavior online by a thorough investigation of linguistic aspects such as word choice, tone, and discourse patterns. Through the application of Social Identity Theory, the study aims to clarify how people deliberately match language in the online environment to social identities and gender norms. The findings have shown that women's communication values relationships with others, expresses emotions, and shows concern for the well-being of others. Men and women prefer to communicate more separately and task-oriented, and that women tend to speak more interpersonally. The results of this study shed insight on how social identity shapes linguistic patterns on social media platforms like Facebook, which advances our understanding of the relationship between gender, language, and digital communication. Moreover, it offers insightful viewpoints on how social identity shapes online communication, which improves our understanding of the complex dynamics that exist within online communities.
A marxist feminist analysis:
(UMT Lahore, 2023) Syeda Zainab Fatima
This study examines a cross-section of gender and class, and how women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds face greater challenges in education, employment, and other opportunities. It is an attempt to explore the ways in which two novels, The Henna Artist and Little Women, reflect these themes and provide insights into the lived experiences of women from different socio-economic backgrounds. The qualitative descriptive method is suitable for this study as it allows the researchers to explore the experiences of women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds in a detailed and nuanced manner. Moreover, Marxist Feminism as a theoretical lens, is able to shed light on how economic factors, such as class, intersect with gender to perpetuate inequality and discrimination against women. Using Women, Race, and Class (1981), a work by Angela Davis as a theoretical framework allows the study to contribute to the larger conversation around gender and class inequality and provide insights into how literature can be used as a tool to understand complex social issues.
A Postmodernist Re-Presentation of Pakistani Politics: Irreverent Historical Revisionism in Mohammed Hanif’s A Case of Exploding Mangoes
(UMT Lahore, 2021) Fiza Saeed
This thesis aims at qualitatively analyzing Mohammed Hanif’s novel A Case of Exploding Mangoes (published in 2008) in the context of the postmodernist theories of historical revisionism. In doing so, it focuses on how a discourse apparently intended to be a hilarious political satire can illustrate the fluid nature of historical data and its potential to recreate the meaning of historical events. Drawing on one of the most important streaks of postmodernist thought – incredulity toward metanarratives – this study regards Hanif’s corrosive comedy as a reinterpretation of President Zia-ul-Haq’s regime in the history of Pakistan. As such, it analyzes the role of ideology in the (re)construction of historical constructs while treating history, in accordance with the teachings of theorists like Keith Jenkins, as nothing more than multiple open-ended discursive practices. In this regard, the debates surrounding the antagonistic interpretations of Zia-ul-Haq’s character and legacy among the liberal and the conservative factions of Pakistani historians and political analysts are here set within the context of ambivalent nature of available facts. The study intends to show how, with a change of narratorial tone and perspectives, historical personages and events can be reduced to farcical images even when they deal with ideologically sensitive issues like military dictatorship and the use/abuse of Islamic laws in Pakistan.
A sociolinguistic analysis of language convergence in the speech of housemaids of sialkot, punjab
(UMT Lahore, 2016) MEHR UN NISA BAIG
The purpose of this study is to explore convergence in the language of housemaids working in the Punjabi speech community. They were observed and their speech was analyzed at their homes and workplaces. The data was collected from the workplaces and homes of 30 housemaids from Sialkot, a city located in the province of Punjab. In order to find out the reasons behind the convergence, 16 landladies were interviewed as well. The participants of this study were Urdu/Punjabi bilinguals. Their first language was Punjabi and English was the academic language of the landladies. Descriptive approach was used to analyze the data. The study reveals that Urdu is the housemaid’s language of communication at workplaces and Punjabi at their homes. They prefer to speak Urdu and try their level best to communicate with their landlady in the Urdu language. Their choice of topic also changes with the change of situation. They mix regular and irregular forms of Punjabi and English while speaking Urdu and use them in their conversation with the landlady. The number of forms code switched from English was greater than Punjabi. On the contrary, at their homes they did not mix languages. This study contributed in the field of sociolinguistics and suggested directions for future researchers.
A sociolinguistic study of the use of vowel / / and / / in English language in Punjab.
(UMT Lahore, 2017) Farhana Abid
The present sociolinguistics study investigates the use of the particular vowel/ / or / / in the English speaking community of Lahore, Punjab. The research is done with the special reference to English language vowel / / or / / in certain words of English speaking community of the Punjab. The study aims to explore the sociolinguistic reasons or causes of the use of a particular vowel accent, British/ / or American / / by focusing on the English speaking community of Lahore. The sample size or the population of the research is 120 individuals selected from three distinct places of Lahore, The Daewoo Express Pakistan Bus Terminal Limited, The Quaid- e-Azam Library and The University of Management and Technology Library through convenient sampling because of easy and fast accessibility of the researcher by using quantitative methods of research. The scope of this study is limited to the English speaking community (L2) of Pakistan. The data was collected through the passage reading, the wordlist and the structured interview by using questionnaire and by the audio recordings. The collected data was entered into SPSS. The crosstab tests were used to calculate the percentages and frequencies of the particular vowel .The null hypothesis regarding the higher secondary level of students and the English as a medium of instruction at the school level was rejected due to statistical significance as p ≤ 0.05 value. The scientific finding like significance level, frequencies and percentages determine the difference in the use of vowel sound / / or / / in the accent of English speaking community of Lahore. The result indicates that there are two entirely different variants of a same vowel sound / /or/ /exist in the society. Most of the population prefer to use vowel sound / / or British accent as compared to vowel/ / or American accent. The O level education and the medium of instruction at school level are the two main causes behind the usage of American accent of the English language speech community.
A study of bilingual efl teacher cognition in grammar and its pedagogy
(UMT Lahore, 2011) Ahmad Naveed Sharif
This study is an investigation into the bilingual EFL teachers’ cognition in grammar and its pedagogy. The literature review reveals that there is much research into the teacher cognition in monolingual L2 context but very little has been written about the bilingual EFL setting. The present study seeks to understand what EFL grammar knowledge base and pedagogical beliefs bilingual teachers bring to the classroom. In doing so, the thesis draws on key bodies of literature in the role of bilingualism in foreign language teaching, and teacher cognition about grammar pedagogy; the purpose is an attempt to provide a framework for considering the research questions. The study employed a quantitative research design involving test and questionnaire. The data chapter analyzed the teachers’ performance on the grammar awareness test and their responses to the grammar pedagogy questionnaire. The findings of the study in general revealed that overall our bilingual EFL teachers’ cognition in grammar and its teaching does not measure up to any reasonably adequate academic standard required for professional remit. As to the knowledge base component of teacher cognition, two areas- identification of word function and style differentiation of grammar usage- remained the most problematic. The pedagogical component is not in line with the latest developments in the field. Majority believes that their bilinguality is an assistance, not an obstacle, to their EFL teaching, but they need to hone up their skills to make judicious use of L1 (Urdu). The study questions the value of current ELT programmes by demonstrating that there is no significant difference between the teachers with and without ELT training. Though overall grammar test performance of teachers remained below average, the private college teachers outperformed the teachers from public colleges, public universities and private universities. It is suggested that teacher cognition research insights be incorporated into the language teacher education for better teaching performance.
A study of interlingual and intralingual grammatical errors in i pakistani undergraduate students' written english.
(UMT Lahore, 2025) Kainat Sohail
This thesis delves deeply into the challenges faced by native urdu speakers when acquiring English as a second language. Through error analysis and comparative linguistics, it explores the inherent complexities of this process. The study not only identifies common grammatical and syntactic errors but also investigates their underlying causes and proposes effective pedagogical strategies. It highlights significant differences between English and Urdu grammar, particularly in areas such as verb agreement, tense systems, and the use of articles and prepositions, posing challenges for learners. Unexpectedly, preposition errors emerge as a focal point, suggesting substantial interlingual influence. This underscores the need for nuanced instructional approaches addressing both interlingual and intralingual aspects, especially regarding preposition usage. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into language acquisition dynamics, advancing pedagogical strategies for Urdu speakers transitioning to English, and prompting further exploration into nuanced language learning phenomena. Suggestions for further research include exploring additional nuances in language transfer and refining pedagogical strategies tailored to address specific linguistic challenges.
A study of linguistic diversity and lexical attrition in punjabi language in okara district
(UMT Lahore, 2024) Bilal Yasin
This research thesis delves into the intricate dynamics of linguistic diversity and lexical attrition, focusing on insights derived from a quantitative questionnaire administered to 150 participants and open ended questionnaire administered to 20 participants. Employing IBM SPSS Statistics software for quantitative analysis and thematic analysis for qualitative exploration, the study sheds light on various aspects of language attitudes, proficiency levels, and preferences among individuals, particularly within the Okara community. Findings reveal valuable insights into the balance of gender representation, language proficiency levels, and favored languages among participants. However, limitations such as sample size constraints, geographic scope, and potential biases are identified, warranting caution in interpreting the findings. To address these limitations, recommendations for future researchers are provided, emphasizing the importance of expanding sample sizes, diversifying geographic scopes, employing mixed-methods approaches, using objective proficiency measures, considering cross-cultural variability, mitigating response biases, validating findings, acknowledging temporal contexts, and embracing open science practices. By integrating these recommendations into future research endeavors, scholars can further elucidate the complexities of linguistic diversity and lexical attrition, contributing to a deeper understanding of language dynamics in diverse sociocultural contexts.
A study of second language anxiety in Pakistani learners of English
(UMT Lahore, 2016) Tooba Sahar
This study reports English language anxiety experience of Pakistani learners both inside and outside the classrooms context. It also focuses on the relationship of English language anxiety and learners’ variables named gender, exposure to English and second language motivations. In Pakistan, researches on language anxiety are needed to understand how language anxiety works and how it can hamper the performance of students both academically and non-academically. Data were collected through the administration of a detailed questionnaire comprising of 64 based on 1-5 Likert scale. A total of 90 students who were enrolled in English programs at 5 different institutes of southern Punjab, Pakistan participated in this study. The data were analysed using a range of statistical methods for example, descriptive statistics, T tests and correlational analysis. The data analysed elaborated the role of anxiety in learning and using English both inside and outside classroom. Analysis of the data revealed a significant correlation between classroom anxiety and outside classroom anxiety. It also found that language anxiety is significantly correlated with second language motivations and exposure to second language. Moreover, a significant gender difference in terms of second language anxiety was also found in the present research. This study extends the current language anxiety research in Pakistan because it provides an insight on language anxiety experience of Pakistani learners by focusing on both classroom based anxiety and anxiety out of class. It also contributes to the existing literature in Pakistan by documenting the relationship of language anxiety with gender, exposure to English language and English language motivations.
A thematic analysis of bapsi sidhwa’s water and arundhati roy’s the god of small things through muted group theory
(UMT Lahore, 2022) Mahnoor Rasheed
This study attempts to investigate Bapsi Sidhwa's Water and Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things through the lens of the Muted Group Theory. During the post- and pre independence era, the subdominant groups were repressed and muted at the hands of the dominant groups. This discriminatory approach of Indian institutionalized society forced the muted groups to endure exploitation and suppression. This study highlights the factual truth, about the hypocritical and hierarchal Indian-subcontinent society and seeks to investigate the presence of the muted voices in Roy and Sidhwa's texts. This research examines muteness as a broader phenomenon, which is only not restricted to women in these selected texts. Furthermore, this study observes different forms of marginalization, muteness, and of resistance, through which Sidhwa and Roy's subaltern characters came to know the factors responsible for their voicelessness. This research employs the Muted Group Theory to deal with the muted groups' muteness. Shirley Ardener and Edwin Ardener coined the term Muted Group Theory in 1975. The Muted Group Theory portrays that society is under the control of dominant groups. This research adopts the Thematic analysis, and themes play a significant role in organizing data. The study of the texts reveal that the Muted Group Theory allows Roy and Sidhwa's mute and marginalized characters to accept their significance and consider themselves valuable entities of Indian-subcontinent society. The combination of the Muted Group theory and Thematic analysis strengthens the research. This research contributes to the post-colonial feminist study and cultural anthropology; it also interprets the relationship between dominant and subdominant groups.

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