2021

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https://escholar.umt.edu.pk/handle/123456789/6555

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    A Systematic Institutional Analysis of Punjab Aab-e-Pak Authority Act. 2019
    (UMT, Lahore, 2021) Muhammad Ali Sulehria
    In the recent times, a revamped interest has been developed both by the developing and developed countries on the policy design as a systematic process in policy making process. However, most of the literature on policy design has been dominated by the latter. Unlike the past literature which categorized the policy design as political, instrumental and implementational variable, it has been recognized as an institutional process located in the formal institutions of the content of policy documents. The present study contributes to the ongoing dialogue on policy design literature from a developing country, Pakistan, by conducting a directed content analysis of its provincial level water policy, Punjab Aab-e-Pak Authority (PAPA) 2019. We identify, code, configure and analyze the rules, norms and shared strategies in the institutional statements of the policy document by applying the Institutional Grammar tool developed by Sue Crawford and Elinor Ostrom for institutional analysis to understand its policy design in terms of institutional structure and institutional strength. After the analysis and findings, we conclude that PAPA 2019 institutes a weak policy design and provide useful recommendations and suggestions to improve it.
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    Disaster Management in Pakistan: A Case Study of the Role and Effectiveness of NDMA for the period 2010 – 2020
    (UMT, Lahore, 2021) MAHJABEEN SOHAIL
    Pakistan is a disaster-prone country and has endured catastrophic natural and man-made disasters in the past. The drastic impact of these disasters and lack of facilities and policies shows the incompetence of government authorities. Pakistan has multiple geography with glaciers covered with northern alpines and Arabian Sea bordering the southern plains. With five big rivers from North to South namely Chenab, Ravi, Jhelum, Indus and Sutlej. There is a marked monsoon area from July to mid-September in which there are huge number of rainfalls, due to which flooding is very common. Pakistan has faced major floods in 1950, 1956, 1957, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1988, 1992, 2010 and the list continues. National Disaster Management Ordinance 2010 states: The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) will be the focal point for coordinating and facilitating the implementation of strategies and programs on disaster risk reduction, response and recovery. This research aims to highlight the challenges faced by NDMA in carrying out their duties effectively and the factors affecting their performance at various levels. This also undermines the spirit of constitution of Pakistan that guarantees right to equal provision of facilities to all citizens of the state as not everyone is given the same treatment; rich people have an easier access to facilities as compared to the poor sector of our society. In order to better highlight the concerns this research has employed qualitative research method and case study research design. Interviews were conducted with NDMA officials and also the public especially flood victims in order to study the role and working of NDMA and sampling was done using purposive sampling technique. This research has also employed a theoretical framework based on ‘collectivist theory’ to better understand the disaster management behavior in Pakistan. Moreover this research studies the structure of NDMA to better understand the underlying issues in its performance and root causes. Three common themes have been identified; Services, legal framework and organizational structure. The results show that inadequate and substandard health facilities result in poor disaster management and disaster preparedness situation. NDMA’s inefficiency also emerges from ambiguous power structure and authority. It is also derived from the results that NDMA is too underfunded and under resourced to meet the needs of disaster preparedness and post disaster rehabilitation.
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    FEMALE MOBILITY THROUGH BRT UNDER CULTURAL BARRIERS
    (UMT, Lahore, 2021) Eman Ali
    This study presents gendered view of transport and mobility under cultural barriers. It provides an overview of female mobility advancement through BRT around the world and then compares female mobility in Lahore and Peshawar to discuss impact of cultural barriers on female mobility patterns and related issues. The relevance of Rational Choice Theory under personal preference, resource allocation and societal norms was used to discuss how females make their own choices of ridership under certain preferences and restrictions. Data was collected through questionnaires from female commuters of Peshawar and Lahore. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the proposed model. The findings indicate that service performance positively and comfort attributes negatively impact female mobility through BRT Peshawar and Lahore. Safety and security positively influence FMTB Peshawar. The cultural barrier as moderator significantly influences the negative relation of CA with FMTB Peshawar and Lahore and positive relation of SNS with FMTB Peshawar. All these findings demonstrate that factors like service performance, comfort and safety and security affect female mobility differently under different socio-cultural settings. Quality of service has great impact on ridership as data of this thesis showed that commuters were more satisfied with BRT Peshawar which is ranked Gold than BRT Lahore which is ranked Silver according to ITDP standards. Cultural barriers, accessibility and safety concerns impact female travel patterns and mode choices differently under different cultures. It directly affect women‘s role in labor force, health, education and other recreational activities. Lastly this thesis assesses the importance of gender equity and assessment of socio-cultural norms in policy making and implementation for better results
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    POLICE PERFORMANCE AND REFORMS; A CASE STUDY OF THE POLICE ORDER 2002
    (UMT, Lahore, 2021) Hira Kanwal
    This paper is an attempt to understand and analyze the various police reforms in Pakistan. This study is qualitative in nature and based upon firsthand information collected from several police officers and review of several govt. legislations. Law enforcement agencies are responsible for maintaining law and order in a country and to ensure its stability and provide peace and security to the citizens. Police is the major law enforcement agency in Pakistan where the imprint of the British colonial past still endures on several state institutions. Police is one of those departments that were introduced by the British in India as an instrument of control of the colony. In this paper we evaluate the performance of the police after independence and its effectiveness. Many initiatives were taken to reform the police and they generally failed to achieve their intended objectives. The paper presents a critical analysis of the by and large flawed reforms that are behind police ineffectiveness and inefficiency. The police Act 1861 and its replacement with the Police Order 2002 are critically evaluated. Some identified problems of reforms failure are the continuing colonial legacy, political pressure, corruption, lack of accountability, deficient police training and recruitment. The study is conducted by using the qualitative method with the help of the interview technique by first examining the impacts of the colonial past over the police department and the laws introduced and adapted by Pakistan after independence with little or no change. Then each perspective of the reform failure, especially the Police Order 2002 is critically analyzed.
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    Policies of road highway’s safety and maintenance in Pakistan
    (UMT, Lahore, 2021) SAROSH RASHEED
    Pakistan is one of those countries that have dangerous and poorly governed roads of the world. The miserable situation is clear from the World Health Organization (WHO) report that says around twenty-five thousand people are killed on roads and highways annually in Pakistan. Sundry elements are responsible for this gloomy picture in Pakistan. Among many factors, the predominant factors at the government’s end are inadequate policies, poor governance, and planning along with state failure to implement traffic laws. Pakistan has one of the largest and oldest roads networks. It has “Icon of Excellence” motorway police. It has many other functional agencies that regulate and manage traffic and roads. But the functioning of these agencies under the devised policies is questionable. World Health Organization has ranked country at lowest number- two, out of ten on its designed 1-10. The paper after explicating innumerable issues at policy-making level, execution, and people’s level would try to put forward some workable road map. Because without a comprehensive and implementable strategy no change can be expected. Roads play an important role in the communication, culture, and economy of a country. Ignoring such pertinent areas of policy-making could cost for long. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to contribute to this aspect.
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    SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR AND PRACTICES
    (UMT, Lahore, 2021) Ahmad Osama
    Internal and external factors influence in water consumption. Policy, rules, laws, and individual characteristics like belief and attitude explain the variations in households' daily water consumption behavior, and in some situations, the daily practices of individuals create pressure on the available resource, which is freshwater in this study. The reduction in water consumption is a challenge for policymakers. The socio-ecological framework provides the systematic way to analyze the development of people's internal traits, like belief, attitude, consumption behavior, and knowledge about something in the presence of rule, law, institutions, and public policy. This study highlights the daily practices of the households. The social practice theory explores the different aspects by providing the foci lens. This study is a quantitative, positivist approach and explanatory method for ascertaining the cause and effect relationship between the variables. The variables in this study are explanatory. The statistical analysis was used for the interpretation of the data. This study is based on the primary data which is collected from the city of Lahore. The internal factors are pro-environmental but external factors are encouraging anti-environmental behavior regarding freshwater. The internal factors become weak in front of the policy.