MS/MPhil

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Design optimization of savonius vertical axis wind turbine using genetic algorithm
(UMT, Lahore, 2017) Saad Bin Ejaz
Energy is derived from the natural resources. Access to energy is a key pillar for human being. Sun light is considered to be the first and most abundant source of energy. Latter more forms of energy discovered and till now it is the important need of man’s life. Wind Energy is another form of natural energy. Using this energy to generate electricity, energy crisis can be reduced. The objective of this research is to optimized the Coefficient of Performance of Savonius Vertical Axis wind turbine. In current situation, the Coefficient of Performance of VAWT is very low. There is a large room of research still available to increase the Coefficient of Performance. The model is two blades Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. The objective of this work is to achieve an optimized Coefficient of Performance. The variables use for optimization is Overlap distance ranges from 0 to 60 mm with difference of 5 mm, Twist angle (φ) ranges from 0 to 120 degree with difference of 30 degree and Wind speed ranges from 4 m/s to 18 m/s. In this research, parametric analysis of wind turbine is performed for both cases. The mathematical techniques use optimization is Genetic Algorithm (GA). The whole work divided into two cases. In Case I, wind turbine is use Without Endplates while in case II, wind turbine is use With Endplates. This wind is use to design for small scale projects. This model turbine often harnesses more power than conventional turbine. The objective function of GA is Coefficient of Performance. From all the generations achieved with initial population, GA obtain the optimal solution. Based on the simulation performed and optimization via Genetic Algorithm, it is realized that for case I, at overlap distance of 0mm and twist angle (φ) of 60o, wind turbine’s coefficient of performance will be optimum at wind speed of 4 m/s i.e. 28.738 % and for Case II, at similar condition wind turbine’s coefficient of performance will be optimum i.e. 59.3 %
Performance characteristics of diesel engine with bi-fuel using jatropha oil
(UMT, Lahore, 2018) ZAIN ALI KHAN
The expanding world population is getting industrialized rapidly with time. This results in an increased number of vehicles and sources of power generation. The increasing consumption of oil and decreasing resources causes a significant increase in the oil prize. The interests in exploration of alternative fuels are increasing with the rising oil prize. The major question for particular application is that which fuel can used as alternative fuel and what percentage of this fuel can be replaced with gasoline. A combination of available fuel and alternative fuels is the most likely choice in many cases. Wider applications of alternative fuels depend on economic, technological, and infrastructural issues. Jatropha is a tropical herb and can be matured in a diverse soil with low to high rainfall. The plant produces seeds containing inedible oil and can be acknowledged as a second-generation biofuel plant. It may provide a chunk of the fuel supply in the transportation and energy sectors. In the present work, Jatropha oil was squeezed from the seeds acquired from authorized dealer and changed to biodiesel by transesterification process. The important physical & chemical attributes of biodiesel were tested. The comparison of these properties for biodiesel and diesel oil shows approximately similar attributes and hence biodiesel is found quite feasible for usage in diesel engine. The biodiesel from jatropha oil is used in a single cylinder, four stroke diesel engine without any alteration in engine architecture or fuel scheme. The performance aspects of the diesel engine are examined in multiple proportions of biodiesel and diesel oil. The torque, and brake power of diesel engine using a mixture of 10% biodiesel and 90% diesel oil (J10D90) are found comparable with the torque and brake power of engine run on pure diesel oil. The torque and brake power of engine decreases with increasing percentage of biodiesel in the mixture. Similarly, the brake specific fuel consumption of diesel engine using a mixture of 10% biodiesel and 90% diesel oil (J10D90) is found comparable with the brake specific fuel consumption of engine run on pure diesel oil. The brake specific fuel consumption of engine then increases rapidly with increasing percentage of biodiesel in the mixture. The biodiesel blend J10D90 has shown optimum performance of diesel engine than any other blend.
To investigate near wall effects of UV water disinfection reactor using CFD
(UMT, Lahore, 2019) Muhammad Yasir
Many improvements have been presented on the Ultra-violet (UV) disinfection reactor geometry in which lamp configuration, wall roughness and hydrodynamics were the main focus of the research. The turbulence of the fluid flow is significantly influenced by the presence of the wall, since it is modified by the nearness of the wall in a non-minor way. Unfortunately, no single model of turbulence is available that could deal the complexity of the fluid flow on the wall. Wall function is the pivotal to control the turbulence on the wall, different functions available which control the individual layer of the wall region. In our study we have used different wall function numerical approaches of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study the effects of fluent turbulence on the reduction equivalent dose (RED) in the UV disinfection Reactor Model. For our turbulence model we used K-elipson to calculate RED under different wall functions (standard, scalable, non-equilibrium, enhanced wall treatment). Discrete ordinates radiation model was used and simulated for the UV lamp inside the reactor chamber, which has been ended up being a solid instrument for fluence rate (FR) displaying circulations in our UV reactor. Onwards critical parameter of wall functions was highlighted. We have investigated near wall effects of water disinfection and calculated the RED on each wall function with variable pathogen velocities. The simulation results provide the valuable understanding about how the RED differ or remains same between wall functions of single annular water disinfection reactor.
Energy conservation and optimization of HVAC design in-line with USGBC codes
(UMT, Lahore, 2020) ARSLAN FAISAL
With the rapid growth in global population and continuous improvement in the quality of life style, the energy consumption is at rise causing an increase in fossil combustion and ultimately pollution. Therefore, efforts are being made to optimize energy consuming systems for power utilization. In large buildings, small electrical air conditioners are not used due to their high power consumption and short running life, but preference is given to the central air conditioning for being more economical due to its lower maintenance cost and being energy efficient. Therefore, in large buildings such as auditorium, educational and commercial buildings, central air conditioning systems are used. The precise calculation of cooling load is needed to reduce capital cost and power consumption, and to maintain a comfortable environment in a building. This research work presents cooling load calculation for a building in the University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan for peak running time using cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) method. Sensible cooling load calculation for vapor compression system using CLTD method is presented to replace the existing high-power consumption cooling system, partially or completely, with an energy efficient system for maintaining human comfort without effecting indoor air quality (IAQ). The heat gains due to structure, lighting, occupancy, and equipment were simulated using Carrier's Hourly Analysis Program (HAP). The analysis of Green Building Design showed significant improvement compared with the existing building design. The analysis of a building’s HVAC design is carried out to highlight the benefits of achieving LEED standard in the UMT building.
Fixture layout and clamping force optimization for sheet metals
(UMT, Lahore, 2020) Adeel Qadir
Elastic deformation produced during machining effects the dimensional and form errors of workpiece. For precision, accuracy, fine surface finish and minimized workpiece elastic deformation; the parameters like number and position of fixture elements and clamping forces are optimized. The work on rigid bodies is well established but the work on sheet metals is still under process by various researchers due to flexible nature of the sheet metals. The objective of this research work is to optimize the number and position of the clamps and also to optimize clamping forces to keep the maximum deformation of individual nodes up to 2 mm by minimizing the total deformation normal to the plane of workpiece. N-3-2-1 fixturing principle is used to place clamps on sheet metals. The value of N≥1. Fixturing principle provides constraints on 6 Degree of freedom of workpiece and stability to workpiece which increases the machining and assembly accuracy of workpiece. In this research, design elements are the clamps of primary plane whereas locators in secondary and tertiary planes are kept non design elements. To maximize the machining area, clamps are placed only at edges of workpiece. Selection of clamps depends totally on experience of designer. Automatic selection of number and position of clamps is new. In this research, a method is proposed to select number and position of clamps for sheet metals automatically. This work consists of two stages; stage 1 and stage 2. In stage 1; optimized number and position of clamps are calculated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). It is done by considering initial number and position of clamps from already published work. In stage 2, clamping forces are calculated for optimum layouts obtained by RSM. Stage 1 involves a structural optimization technique; Response Surface Methodology. In RSM, a relationship between set design variables; number and position of clamps and an optimal response; deformation gives an approximation model using Minitab. The second order mathematical model is developed for workpiece elastic deformation. As the predictive model is being developed by response surface methodology, a huge reduction in computational complexity and time is achieved during the optimization of number and position of clamps. The necessary data for building the response models are generally collected by the design of experiments. In this work, the collection of experimental data adopts a standard RSM design, central composite design (CCD) and the approximation of response is proposed using the fitted second-order polynomial regression model known as quadratic model. Maximum deformation for each optimized layout was kept up to 2 mm. In 2nd stage, Clamping forces are calculated for optimum layouts obtained in stage 1. To calculate the minimum clamping forces to hold the workpiece, friction forces are considered due to clamps. A method; Balancing force moment is used for calculations of clamping forces. It states; Equilibrium occurs when the sum of all forces in the x, y and z direction is zero and the sum of moments at any point is zero. Coulomb static friction law is used to verify the calculated clamping forces required to hold the workpiece. The forces in each direction are multiplied by the static friction coefficient value. It gives the friction force values due to the clamps. For equilibrium condition, the amount of friction force should be greater than or equal to the machining force in that direction. Clamping forces are calculated for optimum layouts while keeping maximum deformation up to 2 mm. Two case studies are used; flat plate and spacer grid. Different loads at different positions are applied to check the effectiveness of proposed methods. After determining the geometric center, workpiece geometry is divided in to 4 hypothetical quadrants. Quadrants with minimal deformation are considered as non-design quadrants. Quadrants with maximum deformations are considered as design quadrants. Clamps are mounted in two different ways with in the proposed method. When clamps are mounted on long edge of workpiece, the condition is called 1 design edge. When clamps are mounted on both short and long edges of the workpiece, it is called 2 design edges. Both case studies are divided into subcases. For case study 1; subcase 1, subcase 2, subcase 3, subcase 4, subcase 5, subcase 6, subcase 7 and subcase 8 are considered. For all subcases, optimized number of clamps is 4, but for subcase 1; optimized number of clamps is 5 in number. For case study 2; subcase 9, subcase 10, subcase 11 and subcase 12 are used. For all subcases optimized number of clamps is 4. Experimental setup is also designed to check the effectiveness of proposed methods. Simulation results obtained for case study 1 only are verified. The final experimental results fully justify the computational results. Maximum deformation for all subcases is less than 10%. Several factors like analogue dial indicator, human errors are the reason of difference in values.
Thermal impact analysis of photovoltaic solar panels on climate change
(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Zulqarnain Riaz
Production of electricity from photovoltaic solar panels has burgeoned in recent years, as the total global capacity reached 306GW in 2016, and still growing with a massive rate of 50% [1, 2]. The development of solar power plant is wide spread across a range of diverse ecosystems and locations, ranging from deserts in California, to forests in England, to tropical regions. Yet the environmental impacts of such facilities have not been comprehensively addressed in the current literature. Solar parks may have consequences for several environmental changes, and the deployment of PV solar panels on a wide scale has faced potential negative environmental implications, yet there has been very little research effort to quantify the impacts on local climate. It is uncertain that whether the PV solar power plants have potential to create heat Island effect or their presence is unnoticeable. The physical presence of solar parks will impact solar radiation fluxes and thus temperature. Prior studies and work on the photovoltaic heat Island effect has been mostly theoretical and their scope is limited to only a single biome. I aimed my scope of study on two crucial parameters of the atmosphere i.e. temperature and humidity, (the humidity is calculated for only site No. 1 as Karachi is a coastal city). The sensors were installed under the solar panel for site 1 and site 2 and over the solar panel for site 3. From the results, I found that the daily minimum and maximum temperatures were significantly warmer and cooler respectively, when compared with the result of reference point without solar panels. The rise in the temperature at night was found at all three (03) sites, which shows that the solar panels acts as black body and absorbs solar radiations at day time and release the same at night creating the PV heat island effect. Hence it is concluded, the deployment of PV solar plants alters the process of reflection of the incoming solar energy into the atmosphere. PV solar plants reduce albedo due to which landscape becomes darker and less reflective. Photovoltaic renewable energy has given rise to the concerns about the engendered rise of heat Island effect.
Photovoltaic panel array configuration optimization to reduce lift force by using CFD and genetic algorithm
(UMT, Lahore, 2021) Asfand Yar Khan
One of the most important aspects while considering a PV plant is its levelized cost of energy production (LCOE). Structures and anchor mechanisms constitute of a significant amount of Capital expenditure. Aerodynamic lift force acting on the solar structure is important while designing the counterweight for roof top mounted solar systems. Moreover, pre-fabricated roofs installed in most industrial facilities and not load bearing and do not allow anchors into the roof. So the counterweight placed on top of these roofs must be reduced to make the rooftop installation viable. Due to their unique configuration, the load estimated for solar structures using international building codes can be either higher or lower than actual. CFD simulations are proven to be an efficient tool for estimation of wind loads on solar panels for design purposes and identification of critical design cases. CFD simulations usually require high computation power and slight changes in geometry to find optimum configuration can be time consuming. This research combines Genetic Algorithm’s with CFD to optimize the solar PV array configurations against the effect of wind. Design parameters considered in this research include are Pitch between two PV panel rows and Tilt angle of each row. Only combinations with above 80% performance ratio were carried forward for fitness assessment. Three different Rooftop PV plant layout configurations are analyzed in this research. Two rows of PV panel arrays are considered for optimization in 2D domain using ANSYS Fluent. Results show that the difference of wind lift force between optimized configuration against that with maximum lift force configuration for all the three cases is above fifty percent
Wind farm layout optimization by varying hub heights and inter-turbine spacing using genetic algorithm
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Muhammad Bin Ali
Wind is an important renewable energy source. Majority of wind farms in Pakistan are installed in Jhimpir, Sindh Wind Corridor. At this location, downstream turbines encounter upstream turbines wakes decreasing power output. To maximize the power output, there is a need to minimize these wakes. In this research, a method is proposed to maximize the power output using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Hub heights and inter-turbine spacing are considered variables in this method. Two wind farms located at Jhimpir, Sindh namely; Second and Third Three Gorges Wind Farms (TGWFs) have been analyzed. Three different cases are considered to maximize the power output. In case I; same hub heights and inter-turbine spacing without wake effects are considered. In case II; same hub heights and inter-turbine spacing with wake effects are considered. In Case III; variable hub heights and inter-turbine spacing with wake effects are considered. The results reveal that TGWFs with variable hub heights and interturbine spacing produce more power output. It is also revealed that increase in power output in case of two different hub heights is greater in comparison to three different hub heights. Eventually, the proposed method can help in the layout optimization of any wind farm that is going to be installed.
Fixture layout optimization of sheet metals by integrating topology optimization into genetic algorithm
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Shah Abdul Haseeb
Manufacturing process accuracy is highly dependent on how well a workpiece is constrained in fixture. Workpiece is constrained by proper arrangement of fixture elements known as fixture layout. Fixture is comprised of locators and clamps. Fixtures restrain workpiece in such a way that the deformation is minimized during manufacturing process. Most of research is done considering rigid body. The research work on sheet metal is limited and many researchers are focusing on sheet metal due to many applications. A N-3-2-1 method is used for sheet metals which requires (N+3) fixture elements to constrain deformation normal to surface. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used for fixture layout optimization but it requires high computational effort due to large number of population. A new method for fixture layout optimization is proposed by integrating topology optimization into GA. This method combines GA and topology optimization. In this method, topology optimization reduces population for GA. Objective function of this research is to reduce population for GA and minimize total deformation normal to plane of workpiece while restraining maximum deformation of individual nodes up to 2mm. Proposed approach comprised three stages. In first stage, initial number of clamps are determined. In second stage, population is reduced for GA and feasible area of clamps are identified by using topology optimization technique. In third stage, initial number and position of clamps earlier identified in stage one are optimized using GA. After stage one, two quadrants with highest maximum deformation is taken as design region while other two as non-design region for topology optimization. If clamp region is removed in topology optimization, then that clamp is excluded from workpiece because it indicates that clamp has least effect on deformation. Two case studies flat plate and spacer grid are solved to validate proposed method each case study consists of two subcases in which load applied position and magnitude is varied. Proposed method results 47.5% and 65 % decrease in population for subcase 1 and subcase 2 respectively. However, in subcase 3 and subcase 4 population reduced was 90% and 80% respectively. Convergence criteria is to solve GA for 25% of reduced population. Similarly, total deformation normal to the plane is reduced in each subcase with highest reduction of 86.31% in subcase 1 and lowest of 59.85% in subcase 4. In subcase 1 and subcase 2 optimum results were obtain in 64Th and 46th iteration respectively. Similarly in subcase 3 and subcase 4 optimal results were obtained on 4th and 14th iteration respectively. Results are also compared with previous thesis methods i-e GA and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Experiment is also performed on case study 1- flat plate to validate results and experimental results are compared with simulation. Experimental results are close to simulation results. This concludes that proposed method is valid and optimal results are found by using less computational effort without compromising performance
Evaluate the performance and validation of coal fired boiler using ANN and GTM under various loading condition
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) MUHAMMAD MUZZAMMIL YASIN
Industries, district heating companies, and public institutions that use boilers for heating, process, or power production find it challenging to run at peak efficiencies due to rising fuel prices. Efficiency analysis is extremely important and brings attention to the boiler, which is at the center of energy generation because insufficient heat energy production and distribution efficiency contributes to overall energy expenditures. Boilers are widely used to produce steam which is used in mechanical components to transform fuel energy into kinetic energy of steam. The performance of a boiler is affected by various controlling parameters such as specific fuel consumption capacity, load, and heat losses. The current study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the coal-fired water tube boiler of D.G khan cement company limited and optimize the performance parameters using the Grey-Taguchi method. The experimental data were then validated through ANN-predicted results. The results indicated that the overall performance of the boiler was optimized at run number thirty where specific fuel consumption was 3.09 Kg/s at 66 % of the load, a steam temperature of 532 oC, and a steam pressure was 9.93 MPa. The specific steam flow rate was observed as 21.38 Kg/s at input conditions.
OEE analysis for the manufacture of disc brake in local manufacturing industry
(UMT, Lahore, 2022) Ahad Hameed
The investigations for productivity improvement in the manufacturing industries is essential for the successful existence in the competitive global market and requires a rigorously defined performance measurement system for each manufacturing process in the production line for the manufacture of components. Overall Equipment Effectiveness, OEE, is a key indicator of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and provides performance and productivity measurement and the action plans for the improvement of machines in the manufacturing industries. The application of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) tools and techniques identify the losses and reducing them on a priority basis and hence maximizes the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE). TPM eliminates potential health and safety risks by making machines safe to use and at the same time increase overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). This results in an increased morale and job satisfaction for employees. TPM reduces product losses by improving process instability, equipment availability, and product quality. The current research work aims at the OEE improvement in the production line of disc brake. The production losses at each station of the initial setup are identified. Subsequently the waiting time due to the presence of conflicting requirements in the manufacturing processes is optimized for the productivity growth in the revised and improved setup. OEE improvement in the disc brake production line is suggested through the management of time losses by systematic planning of manufacturing processes and the implementation of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). The investigations and subsequent corrective actions led to the improvement for low OEE in the auto part manufacturing line in the shortest possible time with very little investment.

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