Department of English Language and Literature

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https://escholar.umt.edu.pk/handle/123456789/213

Higher degree by research can be a very different experience from postgraduate study. Research, either at the University of Management and Technology (UMT) or elsewhere in the world, opens up new fields of inquiry. When a student is studying hard for his/her degree, he/she wants to be rest assured that he/she is in the best hands.

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Effects of corporal punishment and psychological treatment on students’ learning and behavior
(Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 2007) Muhammad Shahbaz Arif; Muhammad Shaban Rafi
This paper aims to test the effects of corporal punishment and psychological treatment on students' learning and on their behavior. A pilot study, followed with experimental test, was framed in a demographically controlled environment on homogeneous variables at Punjab University Laboratory School, Pakistanover the period of six months. Thirty-two students of grade X were grouped into a Corporal Punishment Group (CPG) and a Psychological Treatment Group (PTG). It was found that the students who were awarded corporal punishment on creating a source of friction and showing lack of interest in their academic work began to show negative behavior and their academic progress showed a gradual regression, whereas the students who were managed with psychological treatment developed their interest in learning, reflected friendly behavior and improved their long-term scholastic performance.
Use of nonverbal communication skills for effective classroom control: comparison between experienced and newly inducted teachers at primary level
(2008) Umbreen Moazzam Ali
The purpose of the present study is to examine the differences of effective classroom control between the experienced, professional teachers and the newly inducted teachers in regard to behavior and performance of the average students which affects the development of the student/teacher relationship and in turn the classroom success. The variables which were viewed as being essential in achieving an effective classroom control, guiding the success of the student/teacher relationship and the performance of the average students largely depend on the use of nonverbal communication skills by these teachers. The purpose of conducting this study was to determine the perceptions of teachers about nonverbal communication skills and also to find out the extent of their use in the classrooms at primary level. The sample of twenty-five teachers at primary level was selected at random. A questionnaire was administered to test the hypotheses. The collected data was analyzed by applying independent T-test through SPSS and Percentage method. It is hoped that the results of the study would have positive effects on the perceptions of all newly inducted teachers about the use of nonverbal communication skills to have effective control and maintain a smooth learning environment in the class rooms.
Global perspective of teaching English literature in higher education in Pakistan
(2008) Rabiah Rustam
This study investigates the need to reform and restructure English literature syllabus at graduate level in higher education in Pakistan. Due to the changing global context, the requirements of the students have changed. Teaching English literature from global perspective requires that the language used in literature should be easy to comprehend. If the material used is easy, it can be exploited for language use. Literature component needs to be integrated to the language activity in order to develop the reading, writing, listening and speaking skills of the students. Moreover, the students need to be made aware of the local as well as the global culture. The study was conducted in various colleges of the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan where English literature is taught for teaching language at the graduate level. Quantitative as well as qualitative data was collected and analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the basic English of the students require attention. They need to be made conscious of the Pakistani literature as well as the world literatures in English. The study has suggested a syllabus for the graduate level students that can be used in place of the already existing syllabus. The study recommends that further research is required on the already existing syllabi for the sake of improvement in their uality, raising consciousness about the local literature and promoting the cross cultural understanding through the incorporation of the global English literature in the syllabus.
A study of the attitude of the students towards the language of instruction
(2009) Raza-E-Mustafa
English occupies a unique status in Pakistani society. It is as much used as it is hated. The existence of two separate systems of education to cater for the needs of different social classes has further complicated the issue of linguistic preference. The students of Urdumedium schools, due to less frequent contact with English do not accept English as an important language and the students of English-medium schools, due to their prolonged contact with English develop positive attitude towards it. However, whether they consequently develop a negative attitude towards English and Urdu respectively is what this research tried to find out. Three different types of schools from Gujranwala region were selected for this study and a questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection. It showed that the students of Urdu-medium schools had indeed developed a negative attitude towards English. On the other hand, the students of English-medium schools had developed a slightly negative attitude towards Urdu. Interviews further underscored the issue of language attitudes. Most of the Urdu-medium students, despite wanting to learn English, hated it for various reasons. On the other hand, the students of English-medium schools preferred English over Urdu. The problems of language attitudes and their impact on the socio-political divide of the country have been discussed in detail in this research.
Language and power: rethinking English language pedagogy in ESL classroom
(University of Management and Technology, 2009) Shaista Ghazanfar
This research analyzes the effects of English language teaching on Pakistani students at Intermediate level which show that our culture is being modified due to the inclusion of foreign culture. Moreover, it suggests how to inculcate the awareness and importance of local culture in our students. Observations were kept into account to answer the research questions of this research project. a) Whether or not current Intermediate English Syllabus of Punjab Textbook Board reflects our local culture? b) Whether or not our Present English Syllabus of PTB at Intermediate level caters our ideological needs? Contents of the English textbooks prescribed by Punjab Textbook Board Lahore were analyzed keeping in mind local (representing Pakistani) and foreign (representing non- Pakistani) culture. Observations of twenty five teachers who were teaching syllabus of English to the students of Intermediate classes were also recorded. Data collected from content analysis were converted into ratios and then into percentage values, to compare the presentation of the two types of culture in our English Textbooks at Intermediate level. Percentage values were shown in the form of pie-graphs.
Media Portrayal of Stereotypes: language and gender
(2009) Sadaf Azeem
The present study explores media portrayal of gender stereotypes. The study scrutinizes that how media through language and images portray stereotypes about gender. The study highlights the role of media in depicting males and females as different and unequal from each other. It particularly focuses on how media portrays females through advertisements. Content analysis of electronic advertisements was done to answer the research questions ((a) whether or not media’s content of language portrays stereotypes? (b) Do media portray stereotypes through images?). A sample of advertisements of 50 products of Procter & Gamble, Lever & Brothers, and Cellular companies which were advertised by the media was examined. For the content analysis a Performa was adapted which was proposed by Saez, Morales and Lisbona (2008). A questionnaire was also used for data collection, filled by 30 students of University of Mangement and Technology. In this way through content analysis and questionnaire, data (qualitative and quantitative) were collected. Percentages and frequencies of the data were taken and data were interpreted in tabular and graphical form. Results extracted from content analysis and questionnaire showed that media contents of language and images portray stereotypes. Results have shown that media portrayal of males and females do not give equal picture of gender rather gives biased and stereotypical picture of gender. Moreover, results have also shown that media, through advertisements, particularly target females. Media do not portray females equal to males and their image is distorted by the media.
English pronunciation problems as perceived by Punjabi speaking students
(2009) Memuna Naseer
Education is a process of enlightenment and empowerment by which the individuals are able to secure a better quality of life. Today, education is global and a multipurpose social service, which reward human creativity, commitment and freedom. Currently there is a language competition among the learners of our society that includes English as one of the major languages. It is set to trigger their passion towards learning English language. Since our future belongs to these young learners, therefore it becomes necessary to assist them in learning English language. Being a member of this family of learners, I find it obligatory to look for the difficulties that the learners may face in achieving the command over English language pronunciation. The purpose of my thesis was to examine the possible reasons behind not achieving the desired level of English pronunciation by those who belong to Punjabi speaking families, and to eradicate the pronunciation errors by providing different solutions to their problems. For this quantitative research, I used Survey Method and let the students who had Punjabi speaking background fill a questionnaire. The questionnaire was consisted of ten hypotheses, sum of which are as follow: Punjabi background effects English pronunciation. Punjabi speaking students often pronounce English words incorrectly. Mass Media can be of vital importance in improving English pronunciation. Pronunciation lends accuracy to the message conveyed. This survey provided me several findings; it drew out that certain social factors influence the language itself. Being Punjabi speaking is not a fault, but the thing that is of more importance is the ability to recognize, remember and produce sounds of a language. Lack of vocabulary is also a problem that is debatable. The limited range of vocabulary does not allow them to develop their ideas and present these ideas confidently. Keeping in mind the problems found, I suggested a few solutions. One should motivate oneself that they can learn quickly and affectively. They should decide on some goals. They should be sure to practice and practice without fear. Also, they should make it enjoyable. English is considered to be the modern lingua franca, a language which most of the countries share in order to communicate. Therefore, the knowledge of English is necessary to keep with the latest development and a sound knowledge of English opens up prospects of progress at national and international levels.
Perceptions of the people towards use of code switching in advertisements and daily life
(University of Management and Technology, 2009) Tayyaba Malik
This paper presents an analysis of the perception of people towards use of codeswitching in advertisements and daily life. This research aims at showing that people have appeal and attraction towards code-switching in advertisements and daily life. It also challenges monolinguals and some bilinguals who view practice of code-switching in negative manner. They regard CS as the result of non-proficiency of two languages and considered it incorrect language or a low prestige form. Despite this negative impression, code-switching in English and Urdu is found to be a useful and successful tool for better communication during studies, profession and social life of the people. This particular area of CS has not yet investigated in Pakistani context. Practically speaking, this research also shows that trend of using CS is increasing in advertisements and daily life from the last six years. Youth and children code-switch more as compared to that of old people. The data has been analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively and was collected through questionnaire and interviews. Pilot study helps in making necessary changes before the final research is done on the ninety respondents. All the present data shows that CS between English and Urdu act as an impressive, appealing, attractive and stylish tool in dvertisements and daily life. It is playing leading role for effective communication in most of the advertisements to attract the customers and in daily life to impress others. Finally directions for future research on code-switching are discussed giving particular emphasis to courses in languages. In the curriculum, more emphasis should be placed on teaching of art of convincing and persuading others and communicative strategies to the students who would have to advocate their point of views in all professional fields. One successful strategy is code-switching. This research would encourage certainly the other researchers to explore this phenomenon in detail.
Effects of age of acquisition on the locus of language selection in bilingual speech production
(University of Management and Technology, 2009) Rashid Mubarik
This study explores the locus of language selection during bilingual speech production. More specifically, it investigates whether age of acquisition has any effect on language selectivity and how competition is resolved between languages existing in the mind of a bilingual. For example, when an Urdu-English bilingual is asked to name a picture of a dog in English, at what point does his mind select English and not Urdu as the production language? Two different theories regarding language selection phenomenon are presented: Green's Inhibitory Control IC)Model 1986; 1998) and The Concept Selection Hypothesis La Heij, 2004. Costa and Santesteban 2004) have proposed that both the theories may be correct but may be dependent on proficiency level of the bilingual. They proposed that the IC Model and the Concept Selection Hypothesis can only depict lexical processing of bilinguals with low and high proficiency levels, respectively.
The image of colonized Indians in colonial writings A critical study of the novel A passage to India
(2010) Uzma Asmat
This research examines how the web of the discourse images colonized Indians in the text of the novel ‘A Passage to India'. It analysis how the discourse of the novel redescribes and re-contextualises the colonial cultural values as supreme and ideal whereas colonized cultural values as inferior and ordinary. It also investigates how these ideologically constructed values are claimed as the central and universal for the rest of the world. The objective of the study is to understand the representation of unequal power relations and the process of ideological construction in the web of colonial discourse. ‘Discourse' is used here in Foucaldian sense of the term in which knowledge and power are joined together. Knowledge for Foucault is ‘the product of certain discourses' and this knowledge is produced by power. As the power of white skin colonizers turns their statements as ‘factual knowledge' and the production of this knowledge from power is used as a ‘way to define and categorise others' (Bertens, p. 154-157). Norman Fairclough's model Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has been applied for the analysis of the text. The procedure for the critical analysis of the discourse is based upon three stages: description, interpretation and explanation (Fairclough, 1993). The analysis of the text has been conducted in Postcolonial and post structuralists' paradigm. Critical analysis of the text of the novel manifests that ideologically charged vocabulary items, metaphorical expressions, dichotomous pair, hierarchical oppositions etc. have been used to image British colonizers as ‘Centre' and colonized Indians as ‘periphery'. These Ideological framings have been constructed for imaging British colonizers as civilized, ordered, rational, enlightened and masculine; whereas, Indian colonized as 6 uncivilized, chaotic, irrational, unenlightened and feminine. Ideological constructions have been formulated as Commonsensical assumptions to image British rulers as superior and Indian natives as inferior. The interpretative analysis of the selected statements, taken as building blocks of colonial discourse, shows the constructed social identities by the colonizers as false assumptions. This analysis finds constructed realities as the imaginary representation of the Indian natives, their culture and also of their country. The web of the discourse of ‘A Passage to India' as a colonial discourse structures not only the image of colonized people but it also images colonizers, their relationship and the colony. The statements, which image the colonizer as ‘Self' and the colonized as ‘Other', appear as commonsensical assumptions. Ideologically constructed Social conventions have been presented as common sensical. For the projection of colonial practices as common sensical and universal, ideological power has been used. The explanation of the statements shows hierarchical binary oppositions as just western discursive constructions. The analysis, in postcolonial context, manifests Indian natives, the colony and its cultural values as vigorous, healthy and robust as they are in any other culture of the world. The image of colonized Indian natives constructed in the novel is imaginary and representational. The stereotypes, created in the controlled knowledge, exist nowhere in the subcontinent; and the Indian cultural values formulated in the systematic arrangement of the statements of the discourse are seen just representational. The analysis of the selected statements reflects that the image of British colonizers as ‘Self' and Indian colonized people as ‘Other' in the web of the discourse is just discursive construction. Description, interpretation and explanation of the statements 7 display the novel “A Passage to India” as colonial discourse which not only constitute and construct the image of Colonizers as the ‘Centre' of the world; but also Indian natives as ‘Peripheral'.
A comparative study of teachers’ and students’ perceptions regarding use of English literature in English language class
(2010) Abdul Majid Khan, Rana
Most teachers consider literature as an independent subject with no relation with language learning. This view is based on narrow concept of language teaching and learning. There are undeniable benefits that a language learner can gain from the inclusion of literature in language teaching and learning. Language teaching through literature based on the views that literary works can give student intellectual pleasure. It has the power to motivate students to learn a language they might not lean otherwise. Literature is rapidly available and applicable to a wide range of learners. Different genres e.g poetry and fiction are good starting place because the language is more concise, pure, abstract, and beautiful then in drama. Pomes are easily memorized and will encourage student to use and consider the language in unfamiliar ways, and teach beautiful turns of phrase not available in any other text. Literature is intellectually stimulating because it allows a reader to imagine worlds they are not familiar with. In order to understand, the learner will create their vision of what writer is saying. In this sense, the learners becomes performers in the communicative events as they read. Short stories with various themes are also appropriate instructional materials because they are in prose that is close to everyday usage, are of a suitable length, can acquaint students with the variety of themes, and provide models of a variety of language style. This study investigate and analyzed the extant and importance of literary discourse in English language teaching and learning. A 5 point likert scale questionnaire, based on the findings from literature review, was distributed among university students and teacher of elt, literature and linguistics classes to find out their perceptions about using literary text in an English language class. Result of data analysis showed positive attitude and opinion of the respondents towards using literature in language class.
The use of speech acts and their communicative functions in memoranda of an academic organization
(2010) Sahar Aslam
The present research highlights the importance and significance of memoranda by analyzing its communicative function. It aims at finding the frequency of various kinds of speech acts in memoranda selected from three different sources. This research applies Driven and Verspoor (2004) Cognitive typology of speech acts that is quite contemporary and comprehensive. This research investigates the differences in use of speech acts in relation to the category of memos as well as the types of communication i.e. bottom up, top down and horizontal. The researcher selected 43 memos from business communication books and 132 memos for COMSATS institute Management Science Department. The researcher classified memos of various types and analysed the communicative function of memos through speech acts classification and examined the effect of the role of status. The research is significant as it applies speech act theory for the analysis of text used in academic organization. It would contribute the analysis of text in Pakistani context. Qualitative analysis of the data depicts the significance of memoranda in an academic organization. By analyzing the communicative functions of memoranda, it substantiates the importance of memoranda to pass information, to direct, to offer, to invite, to give warning, and to give recommendations.
Gender prestige and code choices: a sociolinguistics study of Punjabi Urdu and English bilinguals
(2010) Moazzam Ali Malik
This study aims at analyzing how the social parameter of gender affects the choices of the codes* among Punjabi, Urdu and English bilinguals in Pakistan. It examines any possible gender difference in the pattern of choices of codes among these bilinguals. It looks at how this gender difference in the tendency and pattern of code choices is related with the speaker's gender and the social status and prestige of the language. In a bid to verify the existence of what Fasold refers as ‘the sociolinguistic gender pattern' (92), and what Labov considers ‘the first principal of sexual differentiation'(“Intersection of Sex” 205), this research answers the question that whether or not men and women tend to use higher-status language in different proportions under the similar social and situational contexts and domains. Causal-comparative research design has been opted for this study. The code choices behavior data was collected from the sample population of 180 students, 90 boys and 90 girls purposely selected from the two campuses of Punjab College, Gujrat. The selected population comprised of young (17-21 years old) Punjabi, Urdu and English bilinguals from male and female ‘homogeneous' gender groups. Both the gender groups were homogeneous as during the stage of sampling a Sociolinguistic Questionnaire was used to make sure that both the gender groups were almost similar to each other in their social, psychological, ethnic and linguistic background. The code choice behavior of our selected sample population was studied at two levels, i.e., a) at societal or domain level and b) at the inter-personal level. The code choice behavior data under the similar social and situational situation was measured at societal or domain level by using a Language Behavior Questionnaire. On the other hand, code choices behavior under the influence of internal and personal factors was measured by generating and recording a discussion between 4-5 member friends' groups on a given topic within the same-gender conversation. Our data was qualitatively analyzed to work out the frequencies of code choices both at domain level and interpersonal level. The results verified the existence of sociolinguistic gender-pattern of code choices among Punjabi, Urdu and English bilinguals.
The use of mother tongue as the medium of instruction till primary level in government school of Punjab to decrease the drop out rate
(2011) Priya Awais
This research aims to investigate the need for having mother tongue as a medium of instruction in the government schools of Punjab. The use of Mother tongue as a medium of instruction would most likely result in a decreased dropout rate at the Primary level. This has been proved through an earlier research that teaching the young ones during their initial years in their mother tongue is a strong predictor of their second language acquisition in later years .The children who learn initially in this manner have strong associative skills and can form concepts in a better manner. This research has been conducted taking a population of convenient sample from two government schools located in socio economically similar areas. Sixty questionnaires were disseminated and fifty two questionnaires were filled, out of these twenty seven were filled by male teachers (respondents) of the boys school and twenty five were filled by the female teachers of the girls' school. It was discovered through this research that these schools are facing problems while conducting their lessons in L2, i.e. English and to an extent Urdu, as most of the children use Punjabi as their mother tongue. The raw data quantitatively collected was analyzed on SPSS, and frequencies were found to be further elaborated by histograms. The analysis showed that having the mother tongue as a medium of instruction would facilitate the students and the dropout rate at the primary level would decline. This research signifies that literacy is more important than learning a second language and education can be delivered to young children effectively in their mother tongue. It also revealed an important fact that however the respondents felt embarrassed to use their mother tongue, but agreed during the research that using the mother tongue no doubt makes them feel not only comfortable but also closer to their roots. The teachers also had certain reservation regarding second language teaching as being a non native teacher of English is not an easy job.
Punjabi parents’ indifferent attitude towards their mother tongue
(University of Management and Technology, 2011) Amer Shafi
Native language marks the identity of an individual. It is the main source through which cultural values are transferred from one generation to the next. It has been commonly observed that Punjabis, especially the parents, do not attach much importance to their mother tongue. The researcher has focused on the parents as they are the first people with whom a child interacts after birth and who play a key role in the formative years of a child with regard to the choice of code. If the parents communicate with their young one in a language other than their mother tongue, the child will have little choice but to follow the choice made by the parents. In this study, the researcher has tried to understand the factors which make Punjabi parents to select a language for their children other than their mother tongue. It was noted that the major reason for parents’ indifference with regard to Punjabi was its inability to provide a reasonable job or in other words it is not the language of economics in its own land. Consequently, parents do not attach much educational importance to Punjabi. In other aspects like social acceptability, effect on moral values and structural features, parents, however, have favourable tilt for the Punjabi. There may appear to be status quo as far as the use of Urdu and Punjabi are concerned for various domains; Urdu being favoured in formal domains while Punjabi for informal domains. Actually, the redistribution of languages over domains is a dynamic process. The domains continue to be shifted towards socially strong language, in this case Urdu. For this reason language shift in Punjab cannot be ruled out.
A comparative study of death-related euphemistic expressions in English used by native speakers and Punjabi L1 speakers
(University of Management and Technology, 2011) Masood Ahmed
Euphemism is a linguistic lubricant aiming at reducing communicative friction. Some happenings are too sensitive to be expressed without linguistic safeguards i.e. euphemisms. Death is, undoubtedly, one of such happenings which have been taboos since time immemorial. This thesis attempts to make a comparative analysis of the use of death euphemism in English by native English speakers and the Punjabi L1 speakers, well versed in English language. The study also encompasses whether education plays a significant role in the use of euphemistic expressions for death and dying. The hypothesis under investigation is that ‘native English speakers use less euphemistic expressions for death in comparison with Punjabi L1 speakers'. The research is quantitative in approach and descriptive in nature. The population consists of native English speakers across the globe and Punjabi L1 speakers well versed in English language. The sample comprises 34 respondents in each case. The researcher has used random sampling technique. A questionnaire, containing 15 items, has been used to gather data. The study explores that Punjabi L1 speakers, while communicating in English language, are more prone to using euphemistic expressions for death than the native English speakers.
An analysis of L1 interference errors and its implementation in ESL pedagogy at secondary level
(2011) Zahoor Ahmed
The primary purpose of this study was to enhance the realization and importance of Error Analysis, especially Interference Errors in the vast field of Applied Linguistics. The study was aimed at showing the significance of Error Analysis in English language teaching scenario in Pakistan. For this purpose, the vast area of Error Analysis was narrowed down and focused only on L1 Interference Errors in ESL pedagogy at Secondary level. Therefore, after brief introduction and back ground of Error Analysis the study was focused mainly on Interference Errors i.e. L1 interference errors. This research was designed in a case study format. For this purpose, the researcher was involved in practical teaching situation at Secondary level. Classroom tests, homework and assignments were monitored by the researcher to collect the requisite data of students' errors due to L1 interference. Where classroom assignments and home work done by the students provided enough data to be processed and analyzed. The researcher also observed the teaching methodologies of English language teachers, while sitting in different classrooms, where English language teaching – learning process was in progress regularly. Actually, the scope of the study was limited only to the students of Aligarh Public School and College (Residential) Manga, Lahore. Yet the study can be helpful to the teachers of English language anywhere else in Pakistan. Therefore, the research findings and conclusion / suggestions can be generalized for ESL pedagogy at secondary level after generalizing the study in other parts of our homeland.
Post-colonical literature: sign post for Pakistani variety of English
(University of Management and Technology, 2011) Amna Moghees
This study investigates whether or not post-colonial literature in English provides impetus for emergence of Pakistani variety of English (Pinglish). The study holds the assumption that language(s) of colonizers and colonized have been influencing each other, however it is two way process. As the result of languages contact such as British English and rest of the varieties particularly Urdu a new variety-Pinglish emerged. And Pakistani post-colonial literature in English is one of its strongest manifestations. Purposive samples consist of short stories and one novel was chosen from a population of Pakistani post-colonial literature in English. Factors such as translation, code mixing, borrowing and lexical divergences were considered for the analysis of above mentioned corpora. The analysis shows that these factors are unique to Pakistani English literature which distinguish English spoken and written in Pakistan from rest of the world. For example; Ahmad Ali in his novel Twilight in Delhi quoted idiom which instantiated translation such as: “When husband and wife are willing, what can the Qazi do?” (pp.95). It appears to be the obvious Urdu expression which is ‘jab mian bivi raazi tuo kia keray ga qazi’. In Talat Abbasi’s short story ‘Simple Question’; ‘but its like weights are placed on my eyes’ which sounds like in Urdu as: ‘lakin aisey jese meri ankhoun pe wazan rakha hua hai’. This variety is so widespread in literature and has such a long standing that it can be thought stable and adequate enough to be regarded as variety of English in its own right rather than stages on the way to more native-like English.
Emergence of triglossia in urban Pakistani Punjab
(2011) Nadia Mubashir Khan
This sociolinguistic study synchronically describes the linguistic picture existing in an urban city of Pakistani Punjab by exploring the relationship of three different varieties used for communication. The three varieties namely English, Urdu and Punjabi perform different functions and are used in different domains. The varying and overlapping interaction of these three varieties reflects the emergence of a triglossia situation: first the indigenous language Punjabi, the variety used at home; then Urdu the National language of Pakistan, which acts as the Lingua Franca; and thirdly English, the official language of the country and the global language that is used for professional, academic and commercial purposes.The research studies the triglossia situation by describing the relationship between English and Urdu; and between Urdu and Punjabi while taking into account the historical, social and economic factors affecting the choice of code. Moreover, it describes the status, prestige and utilitarian value of each of the three languages under study.
Code-mixing as a communicative strategy among the university level students in Pakistan
(2011) Furrakh Abbas; Sahar Aslam; Rana Abdul Majid Khan
This paper explores code-mixing as a communicative strategy among the students at the university level. A sample of sixty students from four universities was selected for the purpose of collecting spoken data. The instrument used to collect spoken corpus was a short interview, seeking information about their life. A questionnaire comprising 20 items was also distributed among 150 students of these institutes in order to analyze their perception of code-mixing as a communicative strategy. The transcription and analysis of the recorded data reveals that the university students employed code-mixing as an authentic communicative strategy. The results of the questionnaire also show that they conceived code-mixing as a strong communicative tool.There was not much difference in the perceptions of male and female with regard to code-mixing as a communicative strategy. Thus, the research concludes that the university students perceive code-mixing as a communicative strategy as well as use code-mixing to facilitate communication.

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