School of Professional Psychology (SPP)

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Effect of media portrayed thin ideal images on adolescent girls
(UMT.Lahore, 2012) Marium Javaid Bajwa
Media portrayal of images of thin model girls are said to have created new socio-cultural ideals for young women, which are affecting them in ways that include internalization of thin figures. This has lead to low self-esteem, negative affect and body dissatisfaction among young girls. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of exposure to media portrayed thin ideal images on women’s mood and body satisfaction. Sample comprised of 97 female undergraduate students aged 16-21 participated in the study. Scores on positive and negative level of mood, body dis/satisfaction, self-esteem and discrepancy between ideal self and actual self were worked out as a baseline data before random assignment of the subjects was made to experimental (N=49) and control conditions (N=47). After exposing the experimental group to thin-ideal images, scores of the participants was obtained afresh as a post-test on mood affect and body dis/satisfaction. BMI (Body Mass Index) was also calculated at this stage. Results suggested that exposure to thin-ideal images increased negative affect significant, whereas affect on body satisfaction could not be established. Self-esteem played a major role towards internalization of media thin-ideal images; those with low self-esteem showed increased negative mood and low body satisfaction than those with high self-esteem. Participants with discrepancy between their ideal self and actual self displayed low self-esteem and low body satisfaction. Thus low self-esteem of students were more vulnerable to mood affect and body dissatisfaction. Likewise overweight persons (with high levels of BMI) suffered from these affects more than average and thin weight persons.
A study of women empowerment in family settings
(UMT.Lahore, 2013) Ayesha Siddique
Women Empowerment has become a matter of interest for many social scientists recently as it is considered to be a major goal for developing countries in order to pace their development process. Women make up more than more than half of the total population of many developing and under developing countries. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences between working and non-working women on Women Empowerment Questionnaire (WEQ) in family settings. Moreover, the relationship of education, family system and years of marriage with empowerment level of women was also explored. The sample of the study (N=100) consisted of married women including 50 working and 50 non-working women. A self-designed questionnaire (Women Empowerment Questionnaire) was used to measure the empowerment level of the women on the subscales of Economic, Social, Interpersonal and Legal Empowerment. The results suggested that that there was no significant difference in the level of empowerment between working and non-working women. Family system (nuclear and joint) also did not appear to have effect on the empowerment level of the women. However, significant differences were found in the empowerment level with reference to the years of marriage of the women, particularly in interpersonal and legal domain of empowerment. Similarly, significant differences were found in the interpersonal and legal empowerment on the basis of education of the women participants.
Perceived parental rearing practices and its relationship with cognitive error in adolescence
(UMT Lahore, 2013-09-26) Maria Naseem
The present study examined the relationship between Perceived Parental Rearing Practices and Cognitive Error among adolescents. A sample 441 adolescent were selected with the age range 11-14 (M 14.60 and SD 1.38) through multistage sampling and given school children, (a) Demographic Performa,(b) EMBU-C, and questionnaire measuring perceptions of Parental Rearing Practices separate for mother and father. (c) Cognitive Error Scale for School Children. Regression Analysis showed that in Parental Rearing Practices perception of father, Emotional Warmth was found negative predictor of Cognitive Errors. On the other hand perception of father and mother Rejection is the positive predictor of Cognitive Error. Thus, Adolescence who perceived their parents as more Rejection and Anxious Rearing reported higher levels of Cognitive Errors. The t Test results shows Boys perceived more Fathers Overprotection and Anxious Rearing. Girls perceived more Mother Rejection. Younger Age group perceived more Father and Mother Overprotection, Emotional Warmth and Anxious Rearing. Nuclear Family System perceived more Father and Mother Emotional Warmth. Joint Family System perceived more Father Rejection. Older Age group perceived more Sense of Worthlessness. Nuclear Family System perceived more Should/Must Cognitive Error. Class 8th students perceived more Father Overprotection, Emotional Warmth, Anxious Rearing. nova Results shows Class 9th students perceived more mother Emotional Warmth and Anxious Rearing Class 10th Students Perceived more Mother and Father Rejection. Class 10th students perceived more Negative evaluation by Others, Sense of Worthlessness, Self Blame, Being Rejected and Alienated/ Isolation then class 8th and 9th.Class 9th students perceived more Should/Must Cognitive Errors.
Personality Types and Burnout in University Students
(UMT Lahore, 2014) Afifa Shahzad
The aim of the study was to find out the correlation between the Big Five personality types (Paul, Costa & McCrae, 2003) and Burnout experience in University Students of Pakistan. A cross sectional study was used with stratified random sampling technique on the university students studying in BS 4 year’s program in both government and private universities. An indigenous scale of Burnout experience was developed for Pakistani University Students along with Neo FFI inventory (Paul, Costa & McCrae, 2003) and General Health Questionnaire GHQ-30 (Goldberg & Williams, 1988) for concurrent validity. Equal sample of 400 students of both male and female students from private and government sector were taken, from which data of 381 students were taken in consideration. The correlation of burnout experience with Emotional Exhaustion Factor was highly found correlated with Neuroticism Facet of Big five personality factors. The need for the proper psychological guiding counsels within the universities are highly needed for the well being of the university students to cope with the difficulties they are facing.
Friendship among same sex persons
(UMT, Lahore, 2014) RAMEESHA NAREEN
Who we like to be friends with is the prime focus of this study. This question is explored in three dimensions that are kin vs. non-kin, sex of the friend and attributes or qualities of friendship. There are several studies regarding interpersonal relations and more specifically about friendship as well. This study is about different dimensions of friendship which have not been explored previously. A survey method is used to collect data from four different universities using a self –developed questionnaire, it is named as Friendship Questionnaire (FQ) which measures preference for sex of a friend, kin vs. non kin, attributes of friend and gender prefers to form lifelong friendship bond. This study comprises sample of 367 participants, 173 male and 195 female. The age range of the participants ranged from 18 to 25. The findings of the study are that most of the men want to be friends with men whereas most of the women want to be friends with men. Male lead a clear preference for the same sex friendship. Only less than half preferred opposite sex person as friend. Nearly half the respondents showed clear preference for non kin friends over kin friends. This shows that most of people want to be friends with non-kin persons rather than their kin. As far as forming a lifelong relation is concerned this research showed that females prefer forming a lifelong relationship, than males .The hypothesis that female prefer and lasting relation rather than temporary relation and wanted men to be their friends, contrary to men’s preference.
Mental health problems and coping strategies among undergraduate university students
(UMT Lahore, 2014) FARKHANDA BATOOL
The present research aimed to investigate the coping strategies and mental health problems among undergraduate university students. Cross sectional study design was used and data was collected through convenient sampling technique. The sample comprised of two hundred undergraduate students from four different universities that include two government universities (GCU, PU) and two private universities (UMT, UCP). Depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS) and Cope scale were administered to the sample. Data was analyzed by using Pearson Product Moment Correlation, Independent sample t test and MANOVA. The results indicate there is significant negative relationship between coping and mental health problems (ρ<.01). It was found that there were no significant gender differences in mental health problems. (ρ>.38) Findings reveal the significant differences between government universities and private universities students in mental health problems (ρ<.00) and coping (ρ <.00). Moreover male and female students were found to adapt different coping strategies to cope with stressors. Result shows no significant differences between first year, second year, third year and forth year undergraduate university students on the level of mental health problems (ρ>.72) and coping strategies (ρ>.56).
Positive and negative experiences of elderly living in old homes and living in homes
(UMT Lahore, 2014) Sammia Deen Muhammad
The study explored positive-negative experiences of elderly men and women living in old homes and homes. It was hypothesized that elderly living in old homes will show less positive experiences. Concurrent research design of mixed method approach was used. For qualitative interviewing 11 respondents provided data. Data was analyzed using grounded theory. Core categories of family connectedness and mixed emotions emerged. For quantitative data, Scale of Positive –Negative Experience (SPANE) (Diener et al.,2010 ) was translated and validated. Cross language validity produced satisfactory results. Internal consistency and temporal stability was also checked. For testing of hypothesis data of 120 elderly living in old homes and homes was collected using convenient sampling. All respondents were above 60 years of age. Elderly living in old homes showed less affect balance as compared to those living with families. Women on the whole showed less affect balance. Demographic variables were also explored. Data from both approaches was interpreted and it was concluded that psychological outcomes of living in old homes are much more serious and better living arrangements in old homes can help improve the psychological health of elderly.
Relationship between optimism and general health among university students
(UMT Lahore, 2014) AMBER ZAHRA
This study attempted to explore the relationship between optimism and general health among university students. Optimism was measured by Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R; Scheier & Carver, 1994) and general health was measured by General Health Questionnaire-30 (GHQ-30; Goldberg, 1978). Data was collected from four universities; two private and two government universities (N=283). The results showed a significant negative correlation of -0.553 between optimism and general health. Moreover 70% of the student population was found under optimistic and 30% was found to be suffering from general health problems. No difference in the level of optimism was found on the basis of age and gender. Students who were more optimistic about their future reported less general health problems. This research also validated the previous research findings of positive psychologists linking optimism with health. The findings of this research are discussed along with the implications for the future research in this area.
Aggression and general health problems among undergraduate university students
(UMT Lahore, 2014) NEELAM TAHIR
This study attempts to see the relationship between aggression and general health problems among undergraduate university students. The findings reveal that aggression and general health problems have direct relationship (r= .17, p<0.05). In addition general health is positively correlated with covert aggression (r=.24, p<0.01).Covert and overt aggression was measured through Buss Perry Aggression questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) which measures physical and verbal aggression (overt aggression), anger and hostility (covert aggression). Reliability of Buss Perry Questionnaire is .81.General health problems were measured by the general health questionnaire-30 (Goldberg, 1978). Hence it is concluded that the students having more aggression have high risk of developing general health problems. Moreover students having covert aggression have more tendencies to develop general health problems as compared to students having overt aggression.
Facebook addiction among students and job-holders
(UMT.Lahore, 2014) ZAINAB JAVED
Facebook is becoming gradually an important social network site among people’s life, with rapidly growing users globally, majority being youth of the society. This study was undertaken to explore Facebook addiction among youth. A survey method was conducted at three universities and three workplace to find out the Facebook addiction level amongst students and job-holders. Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS), a self-report measure, was administered to 184 participants recruited from different universities and workplaces. BFAS comprised of 18 items covering 6 core dimensions of addiction: salience, tolerance, mood modification, withdrawal, and relapse. The findings of this study were that every 3rd person was found to be an extreme user of Facebook or Facebook addict. Moreover Facebook was found to affect mood of the participants who become unable to remember their individual private issues and are vulnerable to anxiety, guilt, depression and restlessness. Students were more Facebook addict than job-holders. Also they had more conflicts (Facebook creates clashes in relations, job, studies, hobbies and leisure activities) than jobholders as they latter experience practical life busy in their job and family. Males reported significantly more Facebook addiction than females among students although among job-holders, both the sexes were equally involved in the use of Facebook.
Attachment patterns, emotional and behavioral problems and social intelligence in shantytown and mainstream school children
(UMT Lahore, 2014) Sabeeka Pervaiz
The aim of the current research was to identify the Attachment Patterns, Social Intelligence and the Emotional and Behavioral Problems in children of mainstream and shantytown. A total of 408 participants selected through stratified sampling with equal proportion of gender and schools. The age range of the participants ranges from 11-17 years (M=1.31, SD =.456). All the children were given demographic Performa that includes age of the children, their school type, parental education, and the gender. To identify the Attachment patterns Attachment Questionnaire for Children (AQC, Muris, Mesesters, Melick & Zwambag, 2001) was used. Emotional and behavioral problems of children were identified through the School Children’s Problems Scale (Saleem & Mahmood, 2011) and the Social Intelligence Scale (Yousaf, Saleem, & Mahmood, 2012) was used to measure the Social Intelligence of the school children. The results of hierarchal regression revealed that attachment patterns, social intelligence and being a child of shantytown were found to be the significant positive predictors to develop the Emotional and the Behavioral Problems .The study was conducted according to the culture of the Pakistan. The shantytown school children have more emotional and behavioral problems as compare to mainstream school children. Results are discussed in terms of demographical variables and the implication of this research will helpful in school counseling
Role Identification and Mental Health Functioning of Children of Alcoholic Fathers
(UMT, Lahore, 2014) Ivan Suneel
Alcoholism is a family disease that renders the individual and the family dysfunctional. Children or adult children of alcoholics assume certain roles to deal with the chaos in the family. Thus in order to assess the roles of the children an indigenous scale was constructed and validated namely Role Identification Scale. Factor analysis revealed a four factor (the Hero, the Aggressor, the Withdrawn and the Mascot). RIS was found to have adequate psychometric properties. Moreover, General Health Questionnaire was used for the assessment of screening and severity of mental health functioning. The main study comprised of 400 adult children of alcoholic fathers (50% Male and 50% Female) between ages 18-25 (M 21.45, SD 2.37) and matric as the minimum level of education were administered RIS, GHQ and a demographic questionnaire. Results indicated that the two roles namely the Hero and the Mascot were strong negative predictors of mental health problems and the other two roles namely the Aggressor and the Withdrawn were found to be positive predictors of mental health problems. Results are discussed in terms of gender differences and their implication for rehabilitation and counseling for a collectivistic culture.
Spousal rejection and psychological distress among parents of children with autism spectrum disoder (ASD)
(UMT Lahore, 2014) Lubna Hameed
The current study investigated mediating role of spousal perception of behavioral difficulties of children with ASD in relationship of spousal rejection and psychological distress. For this purpose, thirty couples having at least one child with ASD were purposively drawn from Lahore and Islamabad. Path analysis revealed that data fit in the theoretically proposed model specifically for wives but not for the husbands. Findings revealed that despite of equal perception of behavioral difficulties of children with ASD, wives scored higher on depression and anxiety, and perceived their husbands’ as more rejecting than did the husbands. Spousal perception of children behavioral difficulties significantly accounted for the variance in relationship of spousal rejection with depression and anxiety among wives when wives’ age was statistically controlled. These findings have been discussed within cultural context.
Effects of tv advertisments on adolescents
(UMT.Lahore, 2014) SYEDA FATIMA KHATOON
Today advertisements are the most powerful medium of communication and it haspositive and negative effects on children. The target of advertisements is to attract adolescents to create a need to purchase/buy specific product. The survey method was used and data was collected through Television Advertisement Questionnaire (TAQ). The questionnaire was constructed on five effects that are unhappiness, disappointment, parent-child conflict, sense of personal worth and brand conscious. A total of 203 students were surveyed in the private and government schools. Results indicated that private school students watched more TV than government school students which showedthat private school students were more likely to be affectedby TV advertisements than government school students. Government school students scored significantly high on unhappiness and disappointment on subscales of TAQ than private school students. TV watching is more associated with disappointment than other subscales of TAQ.In this study, adolescents from government school showed high scores on unhappiness and disappointment that indicated their feelings towards TV advertisements and products which they could not probably purchase easily.
Psychological health problem and bullying behavior among adolescents
(UMT Lahore, 2014) AYESHA HAMEED
Bullying behavior in childhood has been found out associated with depression, anxiety and stress in adolescence. The objective of the study was to examine gender and age differences among bullies and comparing adolescents on depression, anxiety and stress. In present study of 113 school going adolescents (Girls=57, Boys=56) in grades 5 to 10 participated. Sample was selected through systematic random sampling technique from public and private schools in Lahore. Adolescents completed Depression, Anxiety & Stress Scale (DASS) developed by Lovibond & Lovibond (1995) and Illinois bullying scale by Espelage & Holt (2001). The results indicated that across gender (F=8.66,p=.00), girls showed more stress (M=16.96,SD=8.63) than boys (M=12.66=SD=6.83). Further correlation analysis indicated age significantly and positively correlated to victim (r=.26**), bullying behavior (r=.20*), depression (r=.25**), anxiety (r=.27**) and stress (r=.34*). Father’s education was also observed significantly negatively correlated to bullying behavior (r=-.20**) among adolescents. Regression analysis was performed to identify the predictor of psychological health problems among adolescents. Analysis revealed mental health problem as significant predictor of bullying behavior (β= .18, F= 4.00, p<.05) and stress (β= .21, F= 5.34, p<.05). Fighting was also observed as significant predictor of stress(β= .29, F= 10.18, p<.05). Victimization was observed as significant predictor of depression (β=.18, F= 4.12, p<.05), anxiety (β= .26, F= 8.40, p<.05) and stress (β= .23, F= 6.46, p<.05). Adolescents who are bullies and also reported symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress were at an increased risk of developing psychological health related problems. The need for psychiatric intervention should be considered. Furthermore, teachers and parents can prepare mutual management plan collaboratively effective for school going adolescents.
Exploring psychological experiences of women involved in prostitution
(UMT Lahore, 2014) MISBAH KANWAL RAJA
Present study was carried out to explore the life experiences of women involved in prostitution using a narrative oriented inquiry with in broader framework of qualitative research. A narrative interview guide was prepared and four women with ages ranging from 25 to 35 years were interviewed in detail. Women narratives were analyzed in terms of fibula (content), sjuzet (form), and later, categorical content analysis was carried out. Fabula presents the major events of their lives such as poverty, whereas sjuzet is how women think about their lives such as helplessness or perpetual deception from people. Categorical content analysis revealed themes such as psychological disturbances, loneliness, and identity transformation. The findings are explainable in both in terms of global perspectives on prostitution as well as local, contextualized settings. Implications of the research can be in terms of providing better psychological support to these women and advocacy at policy level.
Psychological health problems among women in Pakistan
(UMT Lahore, 2014) Naila Hameed
The aim of present study was to examine the psychological health problems (depression, anxiety, distress & somatization) among women. Psychological health problems in working married women were hypothesized as a consequence of dual responsibility they pay at home and workplace. Further, these mental health problems were assumed to be inter correlated. Sample comprised of 106 married & unmarried women from working & non working statues. Participants were equally distributed across their marital and work status. Simple random sampling strategy was used to select the sample for this study. The entire sample was taken from general population. Translated version of Four Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire developed by Terluin (1996) was used to assess psychological health problems. Obtained data was statistically analyzed by MANOVA, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Regression Analyses were applied. MANOVA showed significant difference in reported somatic complaints by women. Significant results were observed on somatic complaints among women (F=7.53, p=.00) as compared to their counterparts. Married-working women reported more somatic complaints (M=14.50, SD=13.27) as compared to unmarried-nonworking (M=6.50, SD=6.78). Significant differences were also observed between working and non-working women (t=2.18, p=.03), working women reported more depression (M=3.08, SD=4.19) than non working women (M=1.56, SD=2.87). Paying dual responsibility at home and workplace is quit hectic causing psychological problems among married working women. Results of the study indicated that women do experience psychological health problems when they have duel status as compared to when they have single responsibility or no responsibility and somatic complaints were more significant among these psychological health problems among women in Pakistan. On the basis of present results, it is concluded that married women in this study is relatively showed more psychological health problems than to unmarried women. Employment does have effect on their psychological health. Further, dual responsibility and few other factors such as less cooperation from spouse and criticism from in-laws may play a role in development of these problems. So, these factors also needed to be taken care in this context. Support from spouse, parents and relatives may possibly contribute in reducing these problems
Attachment styles among married men and women
(UMT Lahore, 2014) RABIA MUHAMMAD
This study attempts to see the Attachment Styles among Married Men and Women. Revised Adult Attachment Scale was used on a sample of 128 married men and women (including 72 males and 56 females). Sample was collected through convenient sampling. The findings reveal that women scored higher on dependent dimension. Close dimension has a negative co- relation (r=-0.20, ρ < .05) with marital years. Highest frequency of people falls in secure attachment style. There are certain cultural factors that imply the continuation of set cultural patterns. These cultural patterns affect the attachment styles in their own ways.
Relationship between obesity and screen time
(UMT.Lahore, 2015) Saliha Farooq
The current study was conducted to investigate the relationship between obesity, depression and screen time. The objective of the study was to see if time spent using computer, cell phone or watching TV, for example, is associated with obesity. Moreover, the extent to which depression is linked to screen time and obesity was examined. This is a correlational research. A sample of 112 undergraduates was provided with questionnaires. Weight and height were measured, and Body Mass Index was calculated. Center of Epidemiologic Depression Scale –Revised (CESD-R) was used to measure depression. The obesity was related to depression and no relation was seen between depression and screen time and screen time and obesity. Independent sample t-test showed the difference between BMI in males (M=12.60, SD=8.65), in females (M=10.74, SD=5.46); t (110) = -1.390, p=.000. In Screen time, males (M=51.10, SD=32.11) report more than females (M=36.07, SD=26.81); t (110) = -2.683, p=.098 while in depression, there is no significant difference between female (M=20.53, SD=17.25) and males (M=21.28, SD=15.44); t (110) = -.236, p=.442.There is no significant relation between depression and screen time r (110) = .044, p=.645. Significant difference is seen between depression and BMI (r (110) = .205, p= .030) while no difference has been seen between screen time and BMI (r (110) = .151, p =.113). Our results shows that BMI predict depression (β=.205, t (111) =5.13, p<.001) and explain 3.4% of the variance. The correlation was .504 with the significance value of .000. The study exposes the factors that lead to obesity and depression. Depression was seen to be caused by high level of obesity and sedentary behavior. The high level of sedentary behavior was directly related to chances of rising obesity.
Internalization of patriarchal ideas and its psychological impact on women
(UMT.Lahore, 2015) ZAINAB IKRAM
The primary objective of this study is to explore the factors associated with endorsement of patriarchal beliefs. We investigated if education negatively impacts patriarchal beliefs system in men and women. Furthermore, the influence of the internalization and acceptance of patriarchal ideology on women’s self-esteem was studied. Self-report data was provided by two hundred participants recruited from University of Management and Technology, including students, teachers and staff-workers (aged >18), years of formal education, patriarchal beliefs, and self-esteem using Urdu translations of these psychometrically valid instruments: Self-Esteem scale (Rosenberg1965) and the Patriarchal Beliefs scale (Emery et al., 2013). As a result, there was a significant negative correlation between the level of education and patriarchal ideology in both men and women (r = .038, p< .05). Moreover, there is a negative significant correlation between the patriarchal beliefs and self-esteem in women (r = .039, p< .05). Findings show that education protects against the maintenance of patriarchal ideology. In women, the endorsement of patriarchal beliefs is associated with a lower self-esteem and hence could be a risk factor for psychological distress in vulnerable population. Instilling feminist ideology may promote self-esteem and mental health in Pakistani women.

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