2023

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Browsing 2023 by Author "Ayaz Khan"

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    Proximate and heavy metal analysis of carnivorous and herbivorous fish species from Lahore, Pakistan
    (UMT Lahore, 2023-02-13) Nazish Riaz; Mnahil Baig; Ayaz Khan; Aiman Rafiq
    This study is done to determine the proximate analysis and metal analysis between selected groups of Herbivore and Carnivore fish. The proximate composition includes the ash, moisture, fat and protein contents and the analysis was done all these proximate compositions and on selected metals in Herbivore and Carnivore fish. The overall contents of nutritional parameters between and within the groups varies. The protein content ranges from 13.39333333% - 16.82% while the overall protein content in Herbivores are greater than Carnivores. The fat content ranges from 1.076666667% - 2.15% whereas the fat level in Herbivore is more than the Carnivores but the difference is very small to notice. The moisture content ranges from 74.18% - 81.03333333% while the overall amount of moisture is higher in Carnivores then the Herbivores whereas the ash content also high in Herbivores then the Carnivores and ranges from 2.553333333% - 6.143333333%. For metal analysis the Iron (Fe) and Copper (Cu) are not detected (ND) in all Herbivore and Carnivore. The levels of Cadmium (Cd) in Herbivores are more than the levels in the Carnivores. The level of Manganese (Mn) in Herbivores are more than the levels in Carnivores, but the difference is not much greater. The levels of Sodium (Na) and Calcium (Ca) are also greater in Herbivores as compared to Carnivores. Despite all the metals the levels of Zinc (Zn) are seen much higher in Carnivores as compared to Herbivore. The profile of these metals and proximate composition of fish will be useful in identifying feed-related indicators of exposure in aquatic creatures in the future.