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Automated multistage reverse osmosis machine
(UMT Lahore, 2022-08) Ammar Haider; Abdullah Shebih; Fateh Ali
In recent years, there has been an increase in the threat to groundwater as Pakistan is moving toward water shortage. The demand for clean water is rising exponentially; in order to supply domestic and industrial areas with drinkable water, reverse osmosis (RO) technology is being used. The objective of this paper is to provide clean water with the help of automation. The RO system depends on different types of filters such as AC filters and sediment filters, which are part of the pretreatment process. The RO system is membrane-based, which removes all dissolved solids, heavy metals such as nitrate and arsenic, harmful bacteria, and chemicals like chloride and sodium from feed water, resulting in a permeate stream and a rejected stream. This paper reviews automation implemented in the RO system in such a way that permeate water is stored in a buffer tank, but the water in the buffer tank is recycled through the RO membrane every four hours, ensuring that there is no chance of bacterial reproduction.