Analysis of serum cholesterol level in prehypertensive population
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Date
2024-09-09
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UMT, Lhr
Abstract
A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a long-lasting accounts for 80 % of death each year globally. In Global Status Report, NCDs continue to kill around 41 million people every year. There are different types of non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer and hypertension. Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that high-income countries are less prevalent to NCDs as compared to low-income countries because of management and awareness. Prehypertensive population with slight increased BP are more likely to acquire
hypertension in middle and older ages. An epidemics of Pakistan reported to cost the lives of 3.87 million, aged between 30-69 years in last decade. There are different types of hypertension depending on ranges of blood pressure. A state prior to hypertension is prehypertension known through different pathophysiological pathways including inflammatory, renal and sympathetic nervous system. Cholesterol is crucial circulatory component in blood binds with high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) making good cholesterol and bad cholesterol. Pathophysiological state determines the accumulation of cholesterol in blood vessels either to bind with good cholesterol and degrade in liver or to bind with bad cholesterol and deposit in blood vessels. Therefore, blood vessels accumulated with cholesterol molecule disturbs the normal flow of blood and hence increases pressure on blood vessels, consequently, blood pressure increases leading to prehypertension. Lipid profile, physical activity and BMI are interlinked with prehypertension. The normal range of body mass index and blood pressure are antidote to NCDs. Lifestyle interventions are most vital in preventing non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The study demonstrates to explore the influence of physical activity, BMI and BP in prehypertensive population. A total of 100 volunteers were enrolled through International Physical Questionnaire (IPAQ) from 150 participants between an age group of 20-25 years. Bioscien cholesterol reagent was used to measure absorbance at 546 nm in A & E Lab UV/VIS spectrophotometer. An evaluation of BMI reported that 63% participants were normal, 15% were overweight, 9% were obese and 13% were underweight. An assessment of physical activity was done through metabolic equivalent task (MET) in which 48% were moderately active, 39% and 13% were highly active and inactive participants, respectively. A significant relationship exists between body mass index and blood pressure at 0.01 level and 42% were prehypertensive and 4% were hypertensive between an age group of 20-25 years. The finding marks 21 prehypertensive patients out of 100. Therefore, body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) showed positive correlation with increasing level of cholesterol. Physical activity is influencing serum cholesterol level as few participants with higher serum cholesterol are inactive. In this study, participants with normal blood pressure and body mass index showed normal cholesterol level. Therefore, study concluded that normal range of BMI and BP lowers cholesterol level and physical activity is the key factor in maintaining normal BMI. This study suggests that an awareness, early diagnosis, regular monitoring of BP, BMI and serum cholesterol can prevent the risk of prehypertension in adults.