Electrochemical detection of piroxicam at a low cost and disposable pretreated graphite pencil electrode
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Date
2024
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UMT, Lhr
Abstract
Pharmaceutical industries are becoming increasingly advanced with the rise of modern healthcare facilities, necessitating highly sensitive, reliable, and eco-friendly detection methods. Monitoring pharmaceutical waste and drug levels in blood is crucial for ensuring human safety. Piroxicam is a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug used in conditions like arthritis, osteoporosis, and other painful inflammatory disorders. However, its use can cause side effects, particularly in elderly patients with heart conditions. Piroxicam residues not only originate from pharmaceutical industries, which release them into water bodies, but are also excreted by patients after use. This contamination poses significant risks to aquatic life and the environment, making it essential to monitor Piroxicam levels in water bodies and the environment to minimize pollution and safeguard living organisms. Various methods exist for detecting Piroxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), are either costly or produce harmful by products. Electrochemical methods are well-established for detecting target analytes in complex environments, but their effectiveness depends largely on the working electrode material and its compatibility with the target analyte. In this study, a sensitive, disposable graphite pencil electrode (GPE) was developed to detect trace concentrations of Piroxicam Betacyclodextrin. Graphite leads, composed of 60-70 % graphite and 30-40 % clay, offer excellent conductivity, making them ideal for sensitive detection. The conductivity of the graphite pencil electrode can be enhanced through various techniques, such as modification with nanomaterials, composites, or pretreatment. The graphite pencil electrode was pretreated using cyclic voltammetry with optimized conditions before being used for Piroxicam Betacyclodextrin detection. Optimization of parameters such as scan rate, cycles, potential window, and medium selection for pretreatment were done. The optimal pretreatment conditions were found to be a scan rate of 100 mV/s, 50 pretreatment cycles, 0.4 N NaOH as the pretreatment medium with potential window of 0-0.9 V. The electrochemical behaviour of the pretreated electrode was investigated using linear sweep voltammetry under optimized conditions. The parameters optimized for linear sweep voltammetry include detection sample interval (2 mV), scan rate (600 mV/s), and pH value (7). The pretreated graphite pencil electrode demonstrates analytical capabilities in the concentration range of 0.03×10−6 to 1.25×10−4 M, with a limit of detection of 1.7×10−8 M. This electrode showed good reproducibility and stability, with high peak and low peak currents. The pretreated graphite pencil electrode was successfully used to analyze trace levels of Piroxicam concentrations in blood serum, urine samples, and pharmaceutical dosages. Overall PGPE proved to be effective, sensitive, reliable, and cost-efficient tool for monitoring Piroxicam in various environments.