Browsing by Author "TEHREEM HAMID"

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    Extraction of cyanide-3-glucoside from litchi chinensis and its biochemical characterization
    (UMT Lahore, 2025-03-06) TEHREEM HAMID; AMINA NASIR; EMAAN BABAR; FAIZA AZIZ
    Litchi chinensis is a tropical fruit which has been used in ancient Chinese herbal medications due to its medicinal properties. It holds a great potential for various biological activities. L. chinensis contains a variety of phytochemicals, such as, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, resins and flavonoids which exhibits a variety of biological activities. These compounds perform anti-microbial, anti-oxidative, anti- inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. Flavonoids are specifically known for exhibiting anti-microbial activity. Thus, flavonoids were targeted for this study. The sample extracts of leaves, fruits and peels of L. chinensis were prepared in three solvents ethanol, ascorbic acid and methanol. Phytochemical screening for the presence of terpenoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, resins and flavonoids in these sample extracts. Quantification for the presence of total phenolic compounds (TPC) was carried out using Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent in every sample. Then, the quantification of flavonoids content in the samples was done using aluminum chloride assay. Furthermore, the quantity of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was determined using pH differential method. Lastly, the biological activity of the samples was checked. Anti-microbial activity of the samples was checked against selected strains; Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., Citrobacter spp., and E. coli. The anti-microbial was checked using disk diffusion method. Methanol extracts of fruits were positive for all the phytochemicals except alkaloids and saponins. Ascorbic acid extracts of fruit showed positive results for the presence of all the phytochemicals, although moderate results were observed for the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids. Ethanol extracts showed moderate results for the presence of saponins. In case of leaves, methanol extract showed positive results for the presence of all the phytochemicals, except for saponins and resins. Ascorbic acid extract showed positive results for steroids and terpenoids, moderate results for flavonoids, saponins and tannins and negative for alkaloids and resins. Ethanol extracts showed positive results for presence of saponins and showed moderate results for alkaloids. In case of litchi fruit’s peels, methanol extract showed positive results for the presence of all the phytochemicals except for saponins. Ascorbic acid extracts showed positive results for terpenoids and steroids and moderate for saponins. Ethanol extracts showed positive results for saponins and moderate for alkaloids. Methanol extracts of all the samples showed positive results except for a few tests. Although, the flavonoids test was positive for methanol extracts of every sample. In ethanol extracts, the phenolic compounds showed a highest and lowest value of 0.568 mg/mL and 0.137 mg/mL in the ethanol extracts of fruits and ascorbic acid extracts of leaves respectively. In case of flavonoids, the highest and lowest quantity was 0.27 mg/mL and 0.09 mg/mL present in methanol extract of peels and ethanol extract of fruits respectively. In case of C-3-G quantification, the highest and lowest values were 0.4 mg/mL and 0.0025 mg/mL in methanol extract of peel and ascorbic acid extract of leaves. The results of anti- microbial activity against Bacillus spp., showed that it is more sensitive against methanol extracts, intermediate sensitive against ascorbic acid extracts and resistant against ethanol extracts. In case of Salmonella spp., it is more sensitive against methanol extracts than ascorbic acid extracts and resistant against ethanol extracts. In case of Citrobacter spp., it is more sensitive against ascorbic acid extracts than methanol extracts and resistant against ethanol extracts. In case of E. coli, it is more sensitive against methanol extracts, intermediate sensitive against ascorbic acid extracts and resistant against ethanol extracts. The results were compared with the anti-biotic; Oxidil. The study signified that L. chinensis holds great potential in the health industry and it can be used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. In future, we can further explore the variety of biological characteristics i.e., neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti- oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, exhibited by this plant.