Browsing by Author "Shahzad Ahmad"

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    Automatic power factor correction using microcontroller
    (University of Management and Technology, 2013-08) Shahzad Ahmad; Muhammad Usman; Shahzad Akbar, Muhammad
    Wasted energy capacity, also known as poor power factor, is often overlooked. It can result in poor reliability, safety problems and higher energy costs. The lower your power factor, the less economically your system operates. The actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, in a circuit is called true power. Reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors make up what is called reactive power. The linear combination of true power and reactive power is called apparent power. Power system loads consist of resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads. Examples of resistive loads are incandescent lighting and electric heaters. Examples of inductive loads are induction motors, transformers, and reactors. Examples of capacitive loads are capacitors, variable or fixed capacitor banks, motor starting capacitors, generators, and synchronous motors. Power factor correction (PFC) is usually achieved by adding capacitive load to offset the inductive load present in the power system. The power factor of the power system is constantly changing due to variations in the size and number of the motors or inductive loads of any kind being used at one time. This makes it difficult to balance the inductive and capacitive loads continuously. There are many benefits of having power factor correction. As a customer the cost does not get passed on for having a low power factor. As a utility company, equipment has a much longer life span and maintenance costs remain low. In recent years, the power quality of the AC system has become a great concern due to the rapidly increased number of inductive loads, electronic equipment, power electronics and high voltage power systems. In order to reduce line losses and improve the transmission efficiency, power factor correction research became a hot topic. Many control methods for the Power Factor Correction (PFC) were proposed. This project report describes the design and development of a single-phase (240V, 50Hz) capacitor bank power factor correction device using PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) micro-controlling chip. Power factor correction using capacitor banks reduces reactive power consumption which will lead in minimization of losses and at the same time increases the electrical system’s efficiency. Power saving issues and reactive power management has brought us to the creation of single phase capacitor banks for domestic applications. The development of this project is to enhance and upgrade the operation of single phase capacitor banks by developing a micro-processor based control system. The control unit will be able to control capacitor bank operating steps based on the varying load current. This project applies the Peripheral Interface Controller ( PIC ) microcontroller to produce switching commands in order to control the capacitor bank steps. Intelligent control using this micro-processor control unit ensures even utilization of capacitor steps, minimizes number of switching operations and optimizes power factor correction. Transformer-type variable inductive load specially designed to meet the requirements of this project is used as load in this single phase capacitor bank developments. This transformer-type variable inductive load is varied over various ranges and different load values by using variable resistance dimmer to enable capacitor bank model to be controlled systematically. This project involves measuring the power factor value from the load using current transformer, potential transformer, and zero crossing detector, then using proper algorithm of switching on and switching off the capacitors in order to compensate excessive reactive power, thus withdraw PF near to unity (0.9 approximately) as a result acquires higher efficiency and better quality AC output.
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    Design and study of IP backbone on long distance and international (LDI) network
    (UMT, Lahore, 2005) Jawwad Ahamd; Junaid Iqbal; Shahzad Ahmad
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    Grammatical gender assignment to english loanwords in urdu
    (UMT Lahore, 2012) Shahzad Ahmad
    This study investigates the phenomenon of gender assignment in Urdu with reference to borrowed English nouns which have become a part of the Urdu lexicon. These nominal referents are no longer foreign. They are frequently used in the Urdu language, and they behave the same way in the linguistic system of Urdu as the native words do. Urdu speakers assign gendered roles to these inanimate nouns which belong to neuter gender in English gender system and are referred to by anaphoric pronoun it. But in Urdu, the same nouns are assigned either masculine or feminine gender, as there are only two genders in Urdu: masculine and feminine. For a speaker of Urdu, bakery, diary, coffee, shirt, and car are feminine whereas clinic, bag, truck, juice, and pen are masculine. The present study is primarily based on a qualitative paradigm, supported by quantitative data as well. It encompasses comparative analysis of gender assignment systems across the two languages. There are three main criteria that prove to be very effective in the discussion: semantic gender assignment and formal gender assignment systems. Formal gender assignment systems further incorporate phonological and morphological systems Corbett (1999). English has tripartite, natural, semantic gender system, with no room for grammatical gender; whereas Urdu gender system is based on semantic, as well as grammatical gender. The study attempts to find the answers to questions, such as, how native speakers of Urdu assign gender to borrowed English nominal, inanimate referents, and also to what linguistic processes (semantic, phonological and morphological) are at work for such gender assignment in Urdu.
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    Grammatical Gender Assignment to English Loanwords in Urdu
    (University of Management and Technology, 2013) Shahzad Ahmad
    This study investigates the phenomenon of gender assignment in Urdu with reference to borrowed English nouns which have become a part of the Urdu lexicon. These nominal referents are no longer foreign. They are frequently used in the Urdu language, and they behave the same way in the linguistic system of Urdu as the native words do. Urdu speakers assign gendered roles to these inanimate nouns which belong to neuter gender in English gender system and are referred to by anaphoric pronoun it. But in Urdu, the same nouns are assigned either masculine or feminine gender, as there are only two genders in Urdu: masculine and feminine. For a speaker of Urdu, bakery, diary, coffee, shirt, and car are feminine whereas clinic, bag, truck, juice, and pen are masculine. The present study is primarily based on a qualitative paradigm, supported by quantitative data as well. It encompasses comparative analysis of gender assignment systems across the two languages. There are three main criteria that prove to be very effective in the discussion: semantic gender assignment and formal gender assignment systems. Formal gender assignment systems further incorporate phonological and morphological systems Corbett (1999). English has tripartite, natural, semantic gender system, with no room for grammatical gender; whereas Urdu gender system is based on semantic, as well as grammatical gender. The study attempts to find the answers to questions, such as, how native speakers of Urdu assign gender to borrowed English nominal, inanimate referents, and also to what linguistic processes (semantic, phonological and morphological) are at work for such gender assignment in Urdu.
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    Website creator
    (UMT.Lahore, 2004) Zia-Ur-Rehamn; Shahzad Ahmad; Shahid Mehmood
    Human requirements are unlimited. Human beings want to achieve those unlimited requirements in a limited time. As a consequence, they want to do all works as fast as possible with highest degree of reliability. This in turn requires some sort of automation (i.e. work with less human intervention). We have also tried to lessen the human interaction and find best solutions for the Websites as well as web projects creation. On biggest advantage of our Desktop application is that it provides unique platform for all the users so they can work more efficiently and effectively.