Browsing by Author "Shahid Farooq"

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    Design of digital synchronism checking relay for interconnected power grids
    (University of Management and Technology, 10/9/2012) Mudassar Iqbal; Sohaib Saad, Muhammad; Shahid Farooq
    In this project we have designed a circuit to connect to parts of interconnected system energized by two different sources. By interconnecting separate utilities with the high voltage transmission system, it is possible to pool both generation and demand, not only providing a number of economic and other benefits, including a more efficient bulk transfer of power from generation to demand centers. The interconnected transmission system, by linking together all participants across the transmission system, makes it is possible to select the cheapest generation available. Transmission circuits tend to be far more reliable than individual generating units, and enhanced security of supply is achieved because the transmission system is better able to exploit the diversity between individual generation sources and demand. An interconnected transmission system enables surplus generation capacity in one area to be used to cover shortfalls elsewhere on the system, resulting in lower requirements for additional installed generation capacity, to provide sufficient generation security for the whole system. Without transmission interconnection, each separate system would need to carry its own frequency response to meet demand variations, but with interconnection the net response requirement only needs to match the highest of the individual system requirements to cover for the largest potential loss of power (generation) rather than the sum of them all. Main idea is to calculate voltage, frequency and phase angle of both sides using digital sampling and compare these values. If they lie in tolerable range then permission to close command is issued for respective circuit breaker. High performancePIC18F452 RISC CPU is used for processing the inputs. Sinusoidal signals from both ends of system are converted to digital form and after half wave rectification these samples are used for calculation of voltage. To measure frequency input sine wave is converted to square wave and then positive edge triggered external interrupts are used to count the number of cycles in one second. Measuring phase angle was quite an interesting task and caused a lot of effort. Time difference between starting of two waves is used to compute phase angle. Monitoring the system using synchro check relay before synchronization of supplies for the confidence of utility can save from a lot of trouble caused by out of step trippings.
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    Design of digital synchronism checking relay for interconnected power grids
    (UMT Lahore, 2012-10-09) Mudassar Iqbal; Muhammad Sohaib Saad; Shahid Farooq
    In this project we have designed a circuit to connect to parts of an interconnected system energized by two different sources. By interconnecting separate utilities with the high voltage transmission system, it is possible to pool both generation and demand, not only providing a number of economic and other benefits, including a more efficient bulk transfer of power from generation to demand centers. The interconnected transmission system, by linking together all participants across the transmission system, makes it possible to select the cheapest generation available. Transmission circuits tend to be far more reliable than individual generating units, and enhanced security of supply is achieved because the transmission system is better able to exploit the diversity between individual generation sources and demand. An interconnected transmission system enables surplus generation capacity in one area to be used to cover shortfalls elsewhere on the system, resulting in lower requirements for additional installed generation capacity, to provide sufficient generation security for the whole system. Without transmission interconnection, each separate system would need to carry its own frequency response to meet demand variations, but with interconnection the net response requirement only needs to match the highest of the individual system requirements to cover for the largest potential loss of power (generation) rather than the sum of them all. The main idea is to calculate voltage, frequency, and phase angle of both sides using digital sampling and compare these values. If they lie in the tolerable range, then permission to close command is issued for the respective circuit breaker. A high-performance PIC18F452 RISC CPU is used for processing the inputs. Sinusoidal signals from both ends of the system are converted to digital form, and after half-wave rectification these samples are used for calculation of voltage. To measure frequency, the input sine wave is converted to a square wave and then positive edge-triggered external interrupts are used to count the number of cycles in one second. Measuring phase angle was quite an interesting task and required a lot of effort. The time difference between the starting of two waves is used to compute the phase angle. Monitoring the system using a synchro-check relay before synchronization of supplies for the confidence of the utility can save a lot of trouble caused by out-of-step trippings.
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    Energy Saving System
    (UMT Lahore, 2011-08-12) Omer Farooq Minhas; Shahid Farooq; Waqas Ali; Imtiaz Ali
    As we all know that our homeland Pakistan is suffering from the worst energy crisis in history. Every day, we are running out of fuels like petrol, diesel, gasoline, and natural gas. So, electricity produced by these sources is also very expensive. The ideal source for Pakistan is solar energy. Due to this reason, we chose to work on this project, which can help solve these problems. To make this a little better, our project implements a smart algorithm in order to power a load using solar energy, batteries, or WAPDA. For this project, our goal is to power a load with minimum power from WAPDA. In order to form this project, we needed to monitor the voltage and current flow from each of the sources (solar, batteries, and WAPDA) and the load. We implemented these current and voltage monitors. The next step was to come up with an algorithm that would determine which source should be powering the load and when the battery should be charged. The final step was to send out data to the PIC so that the data could be analyzed.
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    Energy saving system
    (UMT Lahore, 2011-08-12) Omer Farooq Minhas; Shahid Farooq; Waqas Ali; Imtiaz Ali
    As we all know, our homeland Pakistan is suffering from the worst energy crisis in history. Every day, we are running out of fuels like petrol, diesel, gasoline, and natural gas. So, electricity produced by these sources is also very expensive. The ideal source for Pakistan is solar energy. Due to this reason, we chose to work on this project, which can help solve these problems. To make this a little better, our project implements a smart algorithm to power a load using solar energy, batteries, or WAPDA. The goal of this project is to power a load with minimum power drawn from WAPDA. To develop this project, we needed to monitor the voltage and current flow from each of the sources (solar, batteries, and WAPDA) as well as the load. We implemented these current and voltage monitors. The next step was to design an algorithm that determines which source should power the load and when the battery should be charged. The final step was to send the data to the PIC so that it could be analyzed.
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    Energy saving system
    (University of Management and Technology, 2011) Omer Farooq Minhas; Waqas Ali; Shahid Farooq; Imtiaz Ali
    As we all know that our home land Pakistanis suffering from worst energy crisis in the history. Everyday we running out of fuels like petrol, diesel, gasoline and natural gas. So electricity produced by these sources is also very expansive. The ideal source for Pakistanis Solar Energy. Due to this reason we chose to work on this project which can solve the problems. To make this a little better our project implements a smart algorithm in order to power a load with a solar, batteries or the wapda. For this project our goal is to power a load with minimum power from the wapda. In order to form this project, we needed to monitor the voltage and current flow from each of the sources (solar, batteries, and the wapda) and the load. We implemented these current and voltage monitors. The next step was to come up with an algorithm that would determine what source should be powering the load and when the battery should be charged. The final step was to send out data to PIC so that the data can be analysed.