Browsing by Author "Muhammad Hamza Iftikhar"

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    Tarbela reservoir watershed analysis by arc swat
    (UMT.Lahore, 2021) Nisar Amin; Muhammad Shahmeer Hassan; Muhammad Furqan; Muhammad Hamza Iftikhar
    There has been an adverse impact on the environment as a result of rapid urbanization and deforestation on the climate. Climate change has an impact on energy consumption, alters the climate, and changes hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles as well as fragmenting ecosystems and decreasing biodiversity. River inflows have also increased. Tarbela and Mangla are the two largest reservoirs in Pakistan. On the Indus River in Pakistan, the Tarbela Dam is 50 km north of Islamabad. The dam creates a reservoir with a surface area of 250 km2. In the study, ArcGIS and Arc SWAT models were mployed. Download the Dem from the SRTM website. In addition to rainfall and limate data, USGS Earth Explorer was used to obtain satellite pictures of the land, and the Agriculture organization provided soil data that was used to stablish a watershed. To determine the runoff, an image classification was carried out. Automatic calibration of the SWAT model was done in the SWAT-CUP oftware. For calibration, the observed flows were compared with the simulated flows. Firstly model was calibrated for the year 2004 on daily basis but after several iterations, the satisfactory values of R2 and NSE (> 0.5) could not be achieved. Then the model was calibrated for inflows on annual basis (1994-2014) and a monthly basis (the year 2014). R2 and Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (NSE) for Monthly calibration are 0.9816 and 0.911, respectively, and 0.6208 and 0.661 for annual calibration (2004-2014). If the value of the R2and Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (NSE) is greater than 0.5 it means the calibration is adequate..Due to uncontrolled activities like deforestation which causes the increase in impervious areas and barren land it is expected that there would be a 4.17 % increase in flows during 2015-2035. 1.76% increase occur in built-up area from 1994 to 2014. Calibration has been successfully achieved and it shows the satisfactory results.