Browsing by Author "Iftikhar Ahmad"
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Item Adolescent girls are hurt more by the body mass than thin-ideal media images of females(Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 2014) Marium Javaid; Iftikhar AhmadThis study aimed to identify factors that affect body self-image satisfaction and negative mood among adolescent girls. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Self Esteem Scale, Body Image Satisfaction Scale and Figure Rating Scale was administered to 97 female undergraduate students to have a base-line data for the study. Overall, self esteem and body mass predicted body satisfaction significantly. Of these 47 participants volunteered to appear in the second phase of the study as well, after a week, and were shown thin-ideal images of women on power point as an intervention and were asked to complete Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Body Image States Scale for the second time in view of their recent and fresh feelings and views. It was found that the participants of different body weight showed no change in their body image satisfaction than before except in the case of overweight participants. They were significantly affected on negative mood after viewing the thin ideal images. Comparing three groups with different body mass index, one-way ANOVA revealed significant difference on negative mood as well as body image satisfaction. This revealed body mass (index) is a potent and table factor that could strongly affect body satisfaction. Overall, participants’ actual body mass was a negative predictor of body image satisfaction and self esteem appeared as a moderator of mood affectivity. These results were corroborated with another finding of this study: Participants whose perception of their body shape and that of their ideally desired body shape was markedly discrepant had gone to significantly low level of body image satisfaction as well as self esteem than those with low discrepancy. The thin-ideal images seemed to affect influence body satisfaction and mood of the oversized women more than the average ones.Item The big five personality inventory: performance of students and community in pakistan(University of the Punjuab, 2010) Iftikhar AhmadNEO-FFI as translated in Urdu in the National Institute of Psychology was used on 452 undergraduate students in Pakistan. Item-analysis revealed that the respoase pattern of the students was differentiated across the five response choices for 44 of the 60 items. The mean scores of the respondents were close to a theoretical average of 35 for each scale. Girls scored significantly higher than boys on Neuroticism and Conscientiousness scales. The alpha index for the Neuroticism and Conscientiousness scales was in the .70s for Extraversion scale in the .50s and for Openness and Agreeableness scales in the 40s. The scales evidenced validity across multiple criterions. The translation of the 16 items that yielded undifferentiated responses were revisited by a committee of three faculty members in psychology. The inventory was thereafter administered to a community sample of 320 (male 139, female, 181) who gained 2-3 points in mean scores over the student sample on Neuroticism and Conscientiousness scales. The normative data of the community sample are recommended to be used for every day applications of the inventory in Pakistan.Item Design of steel transmission structure(UMT.Lahore, 2020) Iftikhar Ahmad; Muhammad Ahmad; Syed Owais Ali Hamdani; Hafiz Muhammad ArslanIn this project the performance of tower according to various loads such as wind load, will be observed. Wind load is actually a major force act on transmission line tower. The basic wind speed applied on tower, effects of tower height above the ground level. Design of wind speed, wind pressure, and wind forces will be explained and analyzed in software for design of members of transmission tower. Dead load of the tower is also considered in designing of transmission tower members. An analysis will be done on software to check the performance of tower and the member forces in all directions including diagonal members. Keeping in view the different load cases will be taken to work on the severe or critical phase of the tower, also applying different load combinations for taken critical situation on which members of the tower will be designed.Item Does growth led inflation hypothesis & locus critique exist in Pakistan? A time series study(IDOSI Publications, 2012) Muhammad Shahid Hassan; Iftikhar Ahmad; Haider MahmoodThe impact of economic growth......................... unemployment and money supply in Pakistan.Item Effect of teacher efficacy beliefs on motivation(University of the Punjab, 2011) Iftikhar AhmadThe purpose of this investigation was to explore meanings of the construct of teacher efficacy and its effect on teacher motivation. Teacher efficacy comprises Teaching Efficacy (TE) and Personal Efficacy (PE) as two constituent dimensions. The two interact in terms of their effect on teacher motivation. More specifically we sought to find whether teachers would be more motivated when levels of TE and PE were high than when any one or both were low. In-service 227 secondary school teachers completed three quarters of their M.Ed. training at the time of this assessment and had, on average, 5.3 years of teaching experience. They were administered Teacher Efficacy Scale along with three measures of motivation namely Task Motivation, Ability-Effort Attribution and Beliefs about Ability as Incremental Quality. Across the median split of TE and PE scores four levels / groups of teachers were created to compare strength as well as motivation pattern of these groups. One of the findings was that task motivation and effort–attribution predicted TE strongly (p <.01) but PE was predicted with ability attribution and incremental ability percept in the inverse direction (p < .05).Thus PE dimension was found different or independent from TE. However, levels of analysis technique indicated that teachers high on both PE and TE dimensions were motivationally adaptive: They dominantly attributed ‘effort’ as cause of success / failure unlike low PE and high TE groups which displayed a mixed attribution of ‘ability’ and ‘effort’. Motivation was modest where both the dimensions were weak. These findings bring out the significance of both competence or teaching efficacy and confidence or personal efficacy beliefs as reciprocally boosting teacher motivation.Item How leverage affects agency cost: Investigating a non-linear relationship in Pakistani firms(2012) Mian Sajid Nazir; Haris Khursheed Saita; Iftikhar Ahmad; Muhammad Musarrat NawazThis study tests the agency cost hypothesis that use of debt decreases agency cost. This relationship has been tested using data of 265 non-financial companies listed on Karachi stock exchange during the period of 2004-2009. Assets utilization and General& Administrative expense ratio are used as proxy to measure agency cost. As suggested by Jensen and Meckling (1976) that relationship between leverage and agency cost may not be monotonic and excessive high leverage may have positive effect on agency cost. To test this possibility non-linear regression model has also been included. We find evidence in support of agency cost hypothesis. Results show that total debt reduces agency cost. We also find some evidence of non-linear relationship between total debt and agency cost. In Pakistan nonfinancial companies at total debt ratio of above 60% the diminishing effect of leverage on agency cost starts to diminish and regression results give some evidence that further increase in leverage increases total agency cost. This study also provides implication for the debt holders as well as the policy makers on the use of debt in total financing of a firm.Item The impact of financial leverage on agency cost: Empirical evidence from non-financial sector of Pakistan(Scienec Record, 2012) Mian Sajid Nazir; Haris Khursheed Saita; Iftikhar Ahmad; Muhammad Musarrat NawazThis study tests the agency cost hypothesis that use of leverage decreases agency cost. This relationship has been tested using data of 265 non-financial companies listed on Karachi stock exchange during the period of 2004-2009. General & admin expense to sales ratio is used as proxy to measure agency cost. Total, short term, long term and contractual debt ratios have been used separately to test agency cost hypothesis. The results of pooled and panel regression models show that general &admin expense ratio is negatively related to all four leverage ratios. Thus, this study givesevidence in support of agency cost hypothesis that use of debt in capital structure reduces agency cost.Item Online project management(UMT Lahore, 2002-05-21) Mohammad Tahir; Iftikhar Ahmad; Faisal Ayub; Azhar SaeedItem Predictive ability of ability-based versus self-report EI measures for academic performance(Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 2010) Shumaila Aslam; Iftikhar AhmadThe study aims at finding if there is a valid increment for the tests of emotional intelligence (E1) in explaining variance in academic performance ofuniversity students. In this context, the contention was that 'ability-E1' measure would do better than 'trait EJ' measure. A sample of309 undergraduate students who had completed first year of their BA / BSc program was recruited from a local university. End of the first year GPA served as an index of student academic performance. High school marks (12 years ofeducation) ofthe students, a cognitive index, correlated strongly with Mayer; Salovey and Can.so Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) confirming that it embodied ability conceptualization of emotional intelligence tmlike Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) which is known as following the trait model of E1. The two E1 measures were lIncorrelated. Students ofsocial sciences scored equal to natural sciences on EQ-i and even lower on MSCEIT rejecting our hypothesis that social science students would score more on emotional intelligence. Prediction of academic performance popularly known as GPA was investigated through hierarchical regression analysis using high school marks and E1 tests, in order, as predictors. The incremental prediction made by E1 tests in explaining variance in students' GPA was however found to be modest (< 5%) both by trait-Ei as well as ability-E1 measure, after the major predictor i.e. high school marks, which explained 17 % of the variance in GPA, was controlled. The hypothesis ofincremental prediction ofGPA by the E1 measures was therefore not supported irrespective of the type aT Ef measures.Item Psychological predictors of college students performance(Natioanl Institute of Psychology, 2011) Iftikhar AhmadItem Weaving faults and their control(2008) Usman Ul Haq; Iftikhar AhmadItem Weaving faults and their control(UMT Lahore, 2008) Usman-Ul-Haq; Iftikhar Ahmad