Browsing by Author "Iffat Rashid"

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    An estimate of HBV and HCV seroprevalence in Muzaffarabad, AJK, Pakistan
    (UMT Lahore, 2018) Iffat Rashid
    Viral hepatitis is an issue affecting people all over the world. Around the globe hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most important health issue. HBV and HCV are the most important cause of death and morbidity throughout the globe, despite the accessibility of vaccines and different treatment methods. These diseases (HBV and HCV) are major reason of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. The co-infection of these viruses is frequent because they shared same modes of transmission. HBV and HCV co-infected patients have higher chances of movement, rapid fibrosis, and other liver disease. Patients that have dual infection of HBV and HCV, have higher chances of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), when compared to those who are mono-infected. The control of both of these viral diseases is tremendously important as they affect the enormous number of population globally. The procedures of eradication and elimination have improved considerably after the approval of vaccine against HBV and HCV. The testes were performed to verify the prevalence of HBV and HCV in Muzaffarabad Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Because of this reason male and female patients were registered in this study. The blood samples of 3,000 individuals who visited Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zyad and Combined Military Hospital, Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir from June 2016 to July 2017 were screened for HBV and HCV infection. Total 3,000 samples were collected and tested. Out of which 1,000 were male and 2,000 were female. ICT was used for antibodies findings. Among the 3,000 samples, 40 (1.33%) were shown HBV ICT positive result and 76 (2.53%) were shown HCV ICT positive result. To overcome these infections it is necessary to create awareness among the medical staff, subordinates and paramedics in the private and government areas. Physicians should be educated by giving short time trainings of active screening, initial treatment and outreach. Apart from awareness from the infectious disease there is a dire need of mass vaccination to reduce the current prevalence of HBV and HCV infection. The prevalence of HBV and HCV is expected to decrease by improved treatment strategy. Government should take different steps for giving reasonable treatment for these viral diseases, to avoid more infections. Early treatment to prevents chronic and liver cirrhosis and allows preventing liver transplantation
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    Remedation of water contaminated with phenol and chromium by floating treatment wetlands
    (UMT, Lhr, 2021) Iffat Rashid
    Fresh and clean water is a basic necessity for life. Despite its importance for life it has been continuously wasted and polluted. One of the highly contributing factors towards the contamination of water is the unchecked discharge of refineries and drilling sites produced water into fresh water bodies. Consequently, such discharge of hydrocarbons posing series threats to the aquatic flora and fauna. Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) has been proven as suitable remediation method for the treatment of contaminated water. FTWs are floatable buoyant mats which are vegetated with selective plants that can perform remediation with the roots hanging in the water that flows underneath. The microorganisms which colonize in the root and shoot of the plants improve their growth and removal of pollutants from water. The main purpose of this study was to apply the floating wetlands treatment method for the remediation of phenol and chromium contaminated water. In the current research, FTWs carrying Phragmites australis, was inoculated with consortium of four bacterial strains (Burkholderia phytofirmans Ps.JN, Acenitobacter sp. ACRH76, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PJRS20, Bacillus sp. PJRS25) and evaluated for their potential to reduce the phenol and chromium (P-C) contamination in water. The FTWs, vegetated with P. australis efficiently removed the phenol and chromium from the water. The bacterial inoculation further enhanced the removal efficacy of P-C by the FTWs. Maximum phenolchromium removal was observed by the combined use of P. australis and bacteria in FTWs after 20 days. The inoculated bacteria showed more persistence in the root than the shoot and water. The P-C contamination in water inhibited plants growth, however, bacterial inoculation reduced their toxic effects on the growth of the plants. The maximum plant growth (roots and shoot lengths and biomass) was exhibited by P. australis inoculated with bacterial consortium. The results have revealed the outstanding efficiency of bacterialaugmented FTWs in phenol and chromium removal. It is concluded that the combined use of plants and bacteria in FTWs is the best approach for remediating water contaminated with phenol and chromium.