Browsing by Author "Arshad Ullah"

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    The pattern of unidirectional code switching among Pakistani languages
    (University of Management and Technology, 2015) Arshad Ullah
    The present study deals with the pattern of code switching among the four target languages: English, Urdu, Punjabi and Pashtu, by setting them into four pairs. It attempts to explore the social factors which lead the bilinguals to switch or not within the pair of languages. To unfold these issues, for each pair of language set, six competent bilinguals were selected randomly and engaged in conversation for at least 50 minutes with the help of ‘the friend of a friend’ approach. The bilinguals’ interactions were recorded in their respective pair of languages by ensuring paradox observance as naturally occurring data was required. 50 minutes for each interaction of each pair of language were selected, and then the selected sample was transcribed in complementiser phrases (CPs) by using roman alphabets to analyse the pattern of code switching which existed within the pairs. The analysis of the CPs shows that the socio-cultural factors were the main stimulus which influenced the interlocutors to adopt code switching in each pair.
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    The Pattern of Unidirectional Code Switching among Pakistani Languages
    (UMT Lahore, 2015) Arshad Ullah
    The present study deals with the pattern of code switching among the four target languages: English, Urdu, Punjabi and Pashtu, by setting them into four pairs. It attempts to explore the social factors which lead the bilinguals to switch or not within the pair of languages. To unfold these issues, for each pair of language set, six competent bilinguals were selected randomly and engaged in conversation for at least 50 minutes with the help of ‘the friend of a friend’ approach. The bilinguals’ interactions were recorded in their respective pair of languages by ensuring paradox observance as naturally occurring data was required. 50 minutes for each interaction of each pair of language were selected, and then the selected sample was transcribed in complementiser phrases (CPs) by using roman alphabets to analyse the pattern of code switching which existed within the pairs. The analysis of the CPs shows that the socio-cultural factors were the main stimulus which influenced the interlocutors to adopt code switching in each pair. The pattern of code switching suggests that the more prestige a language enjoys, the more it switches into the less or non-prestigious language. English asserted its power and prestige vis-a-vis Urdu and Urdu vis-a-vis Punjabi and Pashtu, but when the bilinguals spoke Pashtu and Punjabi in their interaction, neither unidirectional nor bidirectional code switching was found. Both the languages as the ethnic symbols of the regional groups, are balanced in power in Pakistan. In addition during the conversation the speakers’ behaviour of switching or non-switching reflects their self-identification with a certain language and also reflects marked and unmarked choices as proposed by Myers-Scotton (2006).