Browsing by Author "Aqsa"

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    The legal threshold for the use of force under article 51 of un charter
    (UMT.Lahore, 2025) Aqsa; Mahmoon Zaryab Anjum; Sameen Jan Khan Jadoon
    This study holds significant importance as it seeks to clarify the legal scope, threshold, and conditions governing the use of force under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, with a specific focus on the lawful exercise of the right of self-defense by states. Through a detailed examination of legal definitions, interpretative criteria, and the practices of states, the research addresses key ambiguities that affect the consistent application of international law in situations involving inter-state armed conflict. Additionally, the study explores the relevance of jus in bello (the body of law governing conduct during warfare) following the lawful initiation of force. This analysis underscores that a legal justification for the use of force under jus ad bellum does not absolve states from their continued obligations under international humanitarian law. It emphasizes the necessity of adhering to principles such as proportionality, distinction, and necessity, in order to minimize harm to civilians and maintain legal and ethical conduct during armed engagements. The insights offered by this research aim to assist policymakers, legal practitioners, and scholars in fostering more lawful, consistent, and principled responses to threats, thereby reinforcing international peace, security, and the rule of law. This research employs a qualitative and legal doctrinal approach to analyze the threshold and conditions for the lawful use of force under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. It will rely on primary sources, including international treaties, the UN Charter, customary international law, and judicial decisions from international courts and tribunals, to examine the legal foundations and criteria governing self-defence. Additionally, secondary sources such as books, journal articles, published materials, blogs, and newspapers will provide scholarly analysis and contemporary perspectives.