2025

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Browsing 2025 by Author "Zoya Faisal"

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    Evaluation of in vitro digestion studies of low-fat mozzarella cheese versus full-fat mozzarella cheese
    (UMT, Lahore, 2025) Zoya Faisal
    Modern era is seeking snack options rich with cheese, but the use of full-fat mozzarella cheese leads to chronic diseases. People demand low-fat cheese to fulfill cravings, but when fat is removed from cheese, it deprives good quality, flavor, texture, etc. Functional attributes are regained by plant-based mucilage, e.g., aloe vera, taro root, or basil seed. The study aimed to formulate low-fat cheese using plant-based mucilage and to conduct the physicochemical analysis of samples. The release of free fatty acids at the end of digestion using a static digestion model with the addition of digestive enzymes and bile salts was also observed. The results showed a significant overall difference (p < 0.05) among all cheese samples based on their proximate analysis. After 200 min of in vitro digestion, lipolysis was highest in full-fat and lowest in low-fat mozzarella cheese. However, considering 120 min as a standard time of intestinal digestion of mozzarella cheese, the highest final free fatty acid released (%) was shown by full-fat mozzarella cheese, while the lowest final free fatty acid released (%) was shown by low-fat mozzarella cheese. There was no significant difference in the final free fatty acids released (%) of all three mucilage-added cheese samples, and also all mucilage samples showed more than 80% digestion of fats at the end of 120 min of intestinal digestion. So, the low-fat cheese samples made with plant-based mucilage showed less fat release. Finally, the results of 2-way ANOVA suggested a significant difference between treatment groups and that different treatments exerted a significant effect on outcome (p < 0.05). This also suggested a significant effect of time on the outcome, while the interaction between treatment and time was also significant, which showed that treatment effect depended on time intervals (p < 0.05).