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Browsing ITC by Author "Hanna-e-Kalbi"

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    Adapting a Theory of Self-Contentment with Reference to the Personality Formulates by Ghazali and Freud
    (UMT, Lahore, 2022) Hanna-e-Kalbi
    This research adapts to a theory of Self-Contentment with reference to the personality formulates by Ghazali and Freud. Personality formulates according to Ghazali are: “nafs ‘ammara, nafs lawwama and nafs mutma’ínna.” and that of Freud are: “ID, Ego, and Super-ego”. Ghazali, referring to the Qur’an and hadith, has dedicated a volume and a book to the subject of nafs, its types, and the sources of its happiness, However, Sigmund Freud is the founder of the Psychoanalytical study. It is found that the personality formulates of Ghazali and Freud share many similarities. However, differences between personality formulates only complement each other. Ghazali’s and Freud’s study of personality is used to find out the ways of self contentment in the contemporary world of restlessness, competition and war of armors and ideologies. Ghazali’s approach to finding happiness is striving for the pleasure of God, but Freud claims religion to be an illusion.1 However, he is found to be appreciating religion and civilization where human abilities cannot provide enough satisfaction. His pleasure principle is purely the satisfaction of sexual desires. He perceives Libido as the source of drive for every motivation expressed in different ways.2 Freud talks about different methods of avoiding pain, varying from person to person lacking in long-lasting effects.