2025

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Browsing 2025 by Author "Bilal Hassan"

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    Comparison of multi-layer fabrics
    (UMT Lahore, 2025-09-16) Abdul Raheem; Bilal Hassan
    This study investigates the influence of fabric layer number on the physical and mechanical properties of woven cotton fabrics with controlled architecture. The experimental framework centered on the precise and consistent production of single-, double-, and quadruple-layer fabric samples on a Dobby-operated sample loom at Nizam Sons Pvt. Ltd., with all variables standardized except for layer number. The yarns used were 100% cotton, carded, 5s Ne count, and uniform in properties to eliminate material variability. Each sample maintained a plain weave per layer and was interlocked using orthogonal binder yarns, ensuring structural integrity without altering two-dimensional density. The produced samples were subjected to standardized tests, including air permeability (ASTM D737), tensile strength via strip and grab methods (ASTM D5035, D5034), and tear resistance through Elmendorf and tongue tear tests (ASTM D1424, D2261). Additional testing on denim provided a comparative benchmark due to its established strength and durability. Results revealed that air permeability remained remarkably stable across single, double, and quadruple layers, suggesting structural uniformity and predictable breathability under layering. Tensile and tear strength tests showed a significant increase with additional layers, though the trend exhibited diminishing returns; the double-layer fabric achieved notable gains, while the quadruple layer provided smaller incremental benefits due to inter-layer friction and yarn slippage. Comparative analysis with denim confirmed the reliability of the methods and contextualized the results within practical textile applications. Overall, the findings demonstrate that multi-layered fabrics can significantly enhance mechanical properties without compromising breathability, offering valuable insights for the design of protective clothing, sportswear, and industrial textiles. The research contributes to understanding the trade-offs between structural layering, durability, and comfort, emphasizing that two-layer fabrics often provide the optimal balance between strength, weight, and air permeability.