Food Science and Technology
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Item Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017(Lancet, 2018) Nauman KhalidPopulation estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods.Item Pharmacological and phytochemical analysis of bergenia ciliata leaf and rhizome extracts(Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018) Saiqa Yousaf; Ghazala Kaukab; Hina Gul; Nauman Khalid; Rehana Kausar; Haroon Ahmed; Huma Ajab; Muhammad GulfrazAntibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anti-haemolytic activity of various rhizome extracts of Bergenia ciliata were evaluated in this study. The results showed inhibition of the growth of all selected bacterial and fungal strains in comparison with standard antibiotics. The antioxidant activities of Bergenia ciliata extracts were evaluated against DPPH, H2O2, ABTS, total antioxidant capacity and reducing power assays. The order of antioxidant activity of various extracts were methanol> ethanol>n-hexane> aqueous>chloroform. The cytotoxicity ( brine shrimp assay) and anti-haemolytic activities of plant extracts were also promising and varies in dose depended manner. The phytochemical analysis of rhizome extracts of Bergenia ciliata revealed presence of various secondary metabolites which might be responsible for the antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-haemolytic activities.Item Microencapsulation of betanin in monodisperse w/o/w emulsions(Food Research International, 2018) Eskildsen Pagano, Ana Paula; Nauman Khalid; Kobayashi, Isao; Nakajima, Mitsutoshi; Antonio Neves, Marcos; Leite Bastos, ErickBetanin is the main pigment of the food color beetroot red (E162). Due to the fair heat and light stability of E162, this pigment is mainly used in minimally processed packaged food products. Encapsulation increases the stability of betanin, but detailing on the effect of different sources of betanin on the properties and stability of multiple emulsions are scarce. Here we describe the encapsulation of E162, spray-dried beetroot juice and betanin in a monodisperse food-grade water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions by using microchannel emulsification. We compare the tinctorial strength of the encapsulated pigments and investigate the effect of temperature, storage period and pigment concentration on emulsion stability and color. Betanin increases the overall stability of the W/O/W emulsion, reduce the oil droplet size and improve size distribution when compared to the negative control without pigment and to emulsions containing betanin from other sources.Item Microchannel emulsification: a promising technique towards encapsulation of functional compounds(Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2018) Nauman Khalid; Kobayashi, Isao; A. Neves, Marcos; Uemura, Kunihiko; Nakajima, MitsutoshiThis review provides an overview of microchannel emulsification (MCE) for production of functional monodispersed emulsion droplets. The main emphasis has been put on functional bioactives encapsulation using grooved-type and straight-through microchannel array plates. MCE successfully encapsulates the bioactives like β-carotene, oleuropein, γ-oryzanol, β-sitosterol, L-ascorbic acid and ascorbic acid derivatives, vitamin D and quercetin. These bioactives were encapsulated in a variety of delivery systems like simple and multiple emulsions, polymeric particles, microgels, solid lipid particles and functional vesicles. The droplet generation process in MCE is based upon spontaneous transformation of interfaces rather than high energy shear stress systems. The scale-up of MCE can increase the productivity of monodispersed droplets >100 L h−1 and makes it a promising tool at industrial level.Item Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related sustainable development goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017(Lancet, 2018) Nauman KhalidBackground: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment.Item Long-term stability of droplet production by microchannel (step) emulsification in microfluidic silicon chips with large number of terraced micro channels(Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018) T. Vladisavljevi, Goran; E. Ekanem, Ekanem; Zhang, Zilin; Nauman Khalid; Kobayashi, Isao; Nakajima, MitsutoshiA long-term production stability of oil-in-water emulsions by microchannel (step) emulsification was investigated using two cross flow silicon chips consisting of 540 or 1850 microchannels fabricated on 10 parallel terraces. Each terrace was 9.54 mm long and consisted of 54 channels with a depth of 5 μm and a width of 18 μm (chip 1) or 185 channels with a depth of 4 μm and a width of 8 μm (chip 2). The dispersed phase was a mixture of 2 wt% polycaprolactone (PCL) and 1 wt% poly(d,l-lactic) acid (PLA) dissolved in dichloromethane and the continuous phase was 2 wt% poly(vinyl alcohol). After solvent evaporation, the droplets were transformed into highly uniform composite polymer particles with an average diameter of 8.8 or 4.9 μm. The percentages of active channels, droplet sizes and droplet generation frequencies at individual terraces were investigated in both chips to reveal any flow maldistribution. After 6 h of production in chip 1, overall 95% of the channels produced droplets and the percentage of active channels on each terrace was at least 91%. The percentage of active channels decreased by decreasing the size of the channels. The mean droplet size varied negligibly across individual terraces over 7 h. Slightly higher droplet generation frequencies and smaller percentages of active channels were observed at central terraces. The droplet generation frequencies at the channels located close to each other were similar, indicating that droplet formation dynamics was coupled. The droplet size was not affected by the dispersed phase flow rate.Item In vitro bio accessibility of ergocalciferol in nanoemulsion-based delivery system: the influence of food-grade emulsifiers with different stabilising mechanisms(International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2018) Shu, Gaofeng; Nauman Khalid; Boon Tan, Tai; Zhao, Yiguo; A. Neves, Marcos; Kobayashi, Isao; Nakajima, MitsutoshiThe effect of emulsifier type on thein vitrobioaccessibility of ergocalciferol-loaded nanoemulsions wasexamined (mouth, stomach and small intestinal phases). Oil-in-water nanoemulsions were prepared usingemulsifiers with different stabilising mechanisms: decaglycerol monooleate (MO7S; steric), modifiedlecithin (ML; electrostatic), sodium caseinate (SC; electrosteric) and ML-MO7S (combined electrostaticand steric). The droplet size, size distribution,f-potential and microstructure of nanoemulsions duringdigestion depended on the emulsifier type. The fate of lipid in the small intestinal phase also relied on theemulsifier type, with the free fatty acids release rate decreasing in the following order: MO7S>ML-MO7S>ML>SC. The ergocalciferol bioaccessibilities in nanoemulsions prepared using MO7S (62%),ML (64%) and ML-MO7S (65%) were similar and significantly higher than that stabilised by SC (12%).No significant loss of ergocalciferol was observed in all nanoemulsions after full digestion; they werechemically stable against digestion conditions, regardless of the emulsifier type.Item In silico functional and tumor suppressor role of hypothetical protein pcnxl2 with regulation of the notch signaling pathway(Rsc Advances, 2018) Muhammad Naveed; Komal Imran; Ayesha Mushtaq; Abdul Sammad Mumtaz; Hussain A. Janjua; Nauman KhalidSince the last decade, various genome sequencing projects have led to the accumulation of an enormous set of genomic data; however, numerous protein-coding genes still need to be functionally characterized. These gene products are called “hypothetical proteins”. The hypothetical protein pecanex-like protein 2 Homo sapiens (PCNXL2) is found to be mutated in colorectal carcinoma with microsatellite instability; therefore, annotation of the function of PCNXL2 in tumorigenesis is very important. In the present study, bioinformatics analysis of PCNXL2 was performed at the molecular level to assess its role in the progression of cancer for designing new anti-cancer drugs. The retrieved sequence of PCNXL2 was functionally and structurally characterized through the web tools Pfam, Batch CD (conserved domain) search, ExPASy, COACH and I-TASSER directed for pathway analysis and design to explore the intercellular interactions of PCNXL2 involved in cancer development. The present study has shown that PCNXL2 encodes multi-pass transmembrane proteins whose tumor suppressor function may involve regulating Notch signaling by transporting protons across the membrane to provide suitable membrane potential for γ secretase function, which may liberate the Notch intracellular domain NICD from the receptor to inside the cell. Furthermore, domain A of PCNXL2 may exhibit nuclear transport activity of NICD from the cytoplasm to the nucleus through interaction with a nuclear localization signal that may act as an activator for Notch signaling in the nucleus. Conclusively, the tumor suppressor role of PCNXL2 by regulation of the Notch signaling pathway and its functional and structural characteristics are important findings. However, further studies are required to validate the putative role of PCNXL2 as a cancer biomarker in cancer development.Item Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioral, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017(Lancet, 2018) Nauman KhalidBackground The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesizing evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations.Item Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017(Lancet, 2018) Nauman KhalidBackground Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systetns, sample registration systetns, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings Globally, 18.7% (95% uncertainty interval 18.4-19.0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58.8% (58.2-59.3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48.1 years (46.5-49.6) to 70.5 years (70.1-70.8) for men and from 52.9 years (51.7-54.0) to 75.6 years (75.3-75.9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49.1 years (46.5-51.7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87.6 years (86.9-88.1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216.0 deaths (196.3-238.1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38.9 deaths (35.6-42.83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5.4 million (5.2-5.6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult tnales, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, wotnen, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. Copyright C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Item Formulation and stabilization of oil-in-water nanoemulsions using a saponinsrich extract from argan oil press-cake(Food Chemistry, 2010) Taarji, Noamane; A. Rabelo da Silva, Cezar; Nauman Khalid; Gadhi, Chemseddoha; Hafidi, Abdellatif; Kobayashi, Isao; A. Neves, Marcos; Isoda, Hiroko; Nakajima, MitsutoshiIn this study, we formulated and stabilized oil-in-water nanoemulsions using a crude extract from argan press-cake as sole emulsifier. Various extracts from argan press-cake were prepared in order to select the most surface-active one(s) foreseeing emulsions preparation. Fifty percent (v/v) ethanolic extract reduced the interfacial tension to a minimum value at both MCT oil and soybean oil interfaces (12.7 and 10.5 mN m−1 respectively). This extract was also effective at producing fine emulsions with small droplet sizes (d3,2 < 115 nm) and good physical stability using different oils such as soybean oil, MCT oil and fish oil and at conventional homogenization conditions (100 MPa for 4 passes). On the other hand, the emulsions were very sensitive to NaCl addition (≥25 mM) and to acidic pH (<3) indicating that the main stabilization mechanism is electrostatic, likely due to the presence of surface-active compounds with ionizable groups such as saponins.Item Formulation and characterization of water-in-oil nanoemulsions loaded with acai� berry anthocyanins: insights of degradation kinetics and stability evaluation of anthocyanins and nanoemulsions(Food Research International, 2018) A.S. Rabelo, Cezar; Taarji, Noamane; Nauman Khalid; Kobayashi, Isao; Nakajima, Mitsutoshi; A. Neves, MarcosAçaí berry is the fruit of an Amazonian palm tree and rich in anthocyanins (ACNs). Scientific studies have proven the health benefits of açaí berry and declared this fruit as “super fruit”. ACNs have high antioxidant activities, but they are unstable and can easily deteriorate during food processing. In order to protect ACNs and increase their applicability, food-grade water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions were successfully formulated with different concentrations of açaí berry extracts (AEs). The formulated W/O nanoemulsions were relatively stable, with no phase separation after 30 days of storage. The average droplet size varied between 146.8 to 814.8 nm, with higher values corresponding to samples without AEs. All W/O nanoemulsion samples exhibited antioxidant activity and high retention rates of polyphenols after 30 days of storage. ACN retention followed firstorder kinetics, with high protection of ACNs observed in emulsified samples. 2% AE encapsulated in a 30 wt% W/O nanoemulsion had an estimated half-life of 385 days. The results indicate that stable nanoemulsion systems with high ACN protection can be produced with possible applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.Item Formulation and characterization of astaxanthin-enriched nanoemulsions stabilized using ginseng saponins as natural emulsifiers(Food Chemistry, 2018) Shu, Gaofeng; Nauman Khalid; Chen, Zhang; A. Neves, Marcos; J. Barrow, Colin; Nakajima, MitsutoshiIn this study ginseng saponins (GS) were used as natural emulsifiers to formulate and stabilize O/W nanoemulsions loaded with astaxanthin (AST). GS were found to be highly effective at reducing the interfacial tension at the soybean oil–water interfaces, and were capable of producing nano-scaled droplets (d4,3 ≈ 125 nm) using a high-pressure homogenizer. The droplet size of the nanoemulsions decreased with increasing emulsifier concentration and homogenization pressure. The nanoemulsions were stable without droplet coalescence against thermal treatment (30–90 °C, 30 min), and over a narrow range of pH values (7–9). GS-coated droplets were unstable in acidic conditions (pH 3–6) and in the presence of salt (>25 mM NaCl). The formulated nanoemulsions showed slight change in d4,3 during 15 days of storage at 5, 25 and 40 °C. However, the chemical stability strongly depended on the storage temperature, with the lowest level of AST retained in nanoemulsions stored at higher temperature.Item Gypenosides as natural emulsifiers for oil-in-water nanoemulsions loaded with astaxanthin: insights of formulation, stability and release properties(Food Chemistry, 2018) Chen, Zhang; Shu, Gaofeng; Taarji, Noamane; J. Barrow, Colin; Nakajima, Mitsutoshi; Nauman Khalid; A. Neves, MarcosThe formulation, physicochemical stability and bioaccessibility of astaxanthin (AST) loaded oil-in-water nanoemulsions fabricated using gypenosides (GPs) as natural emulsifiers was investigated and compared with a synthetic emulsifier (Tween 20) that is commonly applied in food industry. GPs were capable of producing nanoemulsions with a small volume mean diameter (d4,3 = 125 ± 2 nm), which was similar to those prepared using Tween 20 (d4,3 = 145 ± 6 nm) under the same high-pressure homogenization conditions. GPs-stabilized nanoemulsions were stable against droplet growth over a range of pH (6–8) and thermal treatments (60–120 °C). Conversely, instability occurred under acidic (pH 3–5) and high ionic strength (25–100 mM CaCl2) conditions. In comparison with Tween 20, GPs were more effective at inhibiting AST from degradation during 30 days of storage at both 5 and 25 °C. However, GPs led to lower lipid digestion and AST bioaccessibility from nanoemulsions than did Tween 20.Item Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (dalys) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (hale) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017(Lancet, 2018) Nauman KhalidBackground: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population’s state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years.Item Emulsion stability of clove oil in chitosan and sodium alginate matrix(International Journal of Food Properties, 2018) Purwanti, Nanik; Syahrian Zehn, Azmi; Dian Pusfitasari, Eka; Nauman Khalid; Yundra Febrianto, Erfin; Suro Mardjan, Sutrisno; Andreas & Isao KobayashiClove oil was emulsified in 1% w/w chitosan (CC emulsions) and 2.5% w/w sodium alginate matrix (CA emulsions) containing Tween 80 as the surfactant. Different homogenization speeds (5,000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 rpm) were used to produce the emulsions, and the stability of the emulsions during storage (29 days) was determined. The stability of the emulsions containing clove oil prior to the solidification process was assessed when chitosan and sodium alginate were used as encapsulating materials. Different homogeniza- tion speeds resulted in polydisperse emulsions with a size of 2–3μm and 90% of stability after 29 days of storage. Different homogenization speeds did not significantly affect the concentrations of the active compounds contained in the emulsions. However, these concentrations changed significantly after 29 days of storage when sodium alginate was used to make the emulsions and the homogenization speeds were≥10,000 rpm. High temperature caused by the high viscosity of the solution and high energy dissipation during homogenization suggested that the emulsions composed of sodium alginate were unstable. Chitosan enabled a longer processing time during the clove oil encapsulation process compared to sodium alginate, when emulsification by homogenization was used. The stability of the emulsion of the clove oil-in- chitosan matrix prior to the solidification step was superior.Item Dietary fibers in modern food production: a special perspective with �-glucans(Academic Press, 2018) Asif Ahmad; Nauman KhalidTraditionally, dietary fibers are extracted from plant sources, but recent research showed potential advantages of dietary fibers from microbial sources. These dietary fibers may be classified either on the basis of source or solubility. The nature of these dietary fibers may vary in different sources and thus the physiological responses on the human health. For instance, insoluble dietary fiber is beneficial for better gut health, whereas soluble dietary fiber reduces cholesterol and other risk factors of cardiovascular disease to a significant level. There is strong evidence that chemistry and extraction process for these dietary fibers may affect the specific food applications and associated health implications. This chapter will focus on various types of dietary fibers that can be extracted from microbial and other sources and how it differs from conventional cereal source dietary fibers. Details on chemistry and extraction procedures will be highly useful for food processors, and researchers and may lead to new nutraceutical product development. Food product applications of microbial dietary fiber in relation to health will also be part of the discussion.Item Dengue death tolls: a nightmare for khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan(Journal of Infection and Public Health, 2018) Muhammad Naveed; Zoma Chaudhry; Syeda A. Bukhari; Nauman KhalidItem A question mark on emerging zinc-related nutritional deficiencies in Pakistani population(Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 2018) Waqas Asghar; Wahab Nazir; Nauman KhalidItem A question mark on emerging zinc-related nutritional deficiencies in Pakistani population(Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 2018) Waqas Asghar; Wahab Nazir; Nauman Khalid