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Sonographic findings of ectopic pregnancy and correlation with beta HCG and maternal age
(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Manail Shahzad; Khadija Ijaz; Umme Amara Khalid; Maria Maqbool; Asman Zarar; Alisha Ali
Ectopic pregnancy is a kind of abnormal pregnancy in which fetus grows outside the uterus, ectopic pregnancy rupture is the main cause of maternal mortality in the worldwide. The present research is focused on evaluating the correlation between Sonographic findings of ectopic pregnancy with, beta hcg and maternal age. The present research employed a retrospective study design carried out during November to march 2026, among 42 women of ectopic pregnancy. Data on ectopic pregnancy of women were gathered via Performa or questionnaire. Collection and analysis of data conducted using SPSS Version 25. out of 42 patient there is no significant correlation between maternal age and sonographic findings of ectopic pregnancies while out of 42 patients, extrauterine gestational sac and tubal ring sign are significantly correlate with categories of beta hcg. According to our study, the most common type of ectopic pregnancy is adnexal ectopic pregnancy and also 1%scar ectopic pregnancy is seen in beta hcg category of greater than >3000
Correlation of x-ray based kellgren lawrence grading with womac score in knee osteoarthritis
(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Fizza Khan; Irza Asif; Hamna Mumtaz; Sweeba Zamin; Laiba Fiaz; Maira Ijaz
Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases characterized by progressive cartilage deterioration of the joints ending in pain, stiffness and severe limitations to movement. The radiographic evaluation that is based on the Kellgren-Lawrence grading system is still the most widely used standard of structural severity of knee osteoarthritis. At the same time, the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) is commonly used as a patient-reported outcome measure, which encompasses the aspects of pain, stiffness, and functional condition. The current cross- section observational study was aimed at quantifying the relation between KL grading and WOMAC scores between those presenting with osteoarthritis of the knee. 93 patients were consecutively recruited from the outpatient departments of various hospitals of the city of Lahore over a three-month period by using non-probability sampling. Demographic features (age, sex, time of disease, and bilateral involvement of the joints) were recorded. Weight bearing anteroposterior knee radiograph was evaluated by a blinded radiologist using the KL classification; simultaneously, WOMAC scores were provided using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Statistical computing was carried out using the version 25.0 of the programs "SPSS statistical package." Tests of normality, namely the Kolmogorov Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk procedures, confirmed non-normal distribution for both the variables, thus supporting the use of Spearman's rank order correlation. Findings showed that there was a strong positive and statistically significant correlation between KL grade and total WOMAC score (rs = .754, p < .001) which suggested that the severity of the disease as measured by radiographic examination was concomitant with the patient's functional disability and symptoms burden. These results confirm the clinical significance of KL grading as a prognostic factor for patient reported functional outcome of knee osteoarthritis.
Role of HRCT in detecting early lung changes in smog-exposed individuals with normal chest radiographs
(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Tasneem Naeem; Saher Arshad; Farwa Sadaf; Hisseen; Aleena Shahid; Urwa Farooq
Objective : To determine the frequency and pattern of HRCT parenchymal abnormalities in smog exposed patients with normal chest radiographs. To assess the association between duration of smog-exposure and severity of HRCT detected lung changes. Methodology : This cross-sectional observational study examined the frequency and pattern of High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) parenchymal abnormalities in smog exposed adults whose chest radiographs had been reported as normal, and assessed whether longer duration of smog exposure was associated with greater severity of CT-detected changes. Seventy adults residing in designated high-pollution urban zones of Lahore were enrolled from the Departments of Radiology at Itefaq Hospital and Capital Diagnostic Centre using consecutive purposive sampling. All participants had documented smog exposure of at least three years, at least one respiratory symptom, and a normal chest radiograph. Standardized non-contrast HRCT of the chest was performed and interpreted by two independent radiologists using a dual-reader protocol. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, with chi-square, Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney tests were applied. Results : HRCT parenchymal abnormalities were detected in 57 of 70 participants (81.4%) despite normal chest radiographs. Ground-glass opacity was the most prevalent finding (50.0%), followed by air trapping (32.9%), bronchial wall thickening (24.3%), centrilobular nodularity (20.0%), and interstitial changes (15.7%). Ground-glass opacity was significantly more prevalent in Barki Road residents compared to all other residential zones (81.8% versus 44.1%; Fisher exact p = 0.045, OR = 5.71). Stratification by daily outdoor smog exposure duration revealed a statistically significant dose-dependent gradient, with HRCT abnormality rates increasing from 66.7% among those with less than 4 hours of daily exposure to 95.7% among those with more than 8 hours (p = 0.038). Conclusion : HRCT detected lung abnormalities in 81.4% of smog-exposed Lahore residents with normal chest X-rays, most commonly ground-glass opacity (50%). Findings were diffusely distributed, with higher prevalence in Barki Road residents. Results show that chest radiography underestimates smog-related lung injury, while HRCT identifies significant subclinical disease
Association of computed tomography (CT) brain findings with neurological symptoms in non-traumatic patients
(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Laiba Kanwal; Taha Aimen; Barjees Zahra; Ayesha Mustafa; Tehreem Fatima; Saba Faiz
The clinical setting (e.g., emergency department vs. outpatient clinic), patient characteristics, and the reason for performing the scan are all important factors that influence the rate of brain pathology revealed by Computerized Tomography (CT) scans. A large number of CT scans, particularly those performed for chronic symptoms such as headaches, are normal, although they are highly sensitive for detecting serious pathology. The highest prevalence was observed in loss of consciousness (47.7%) among the patients. The second highest prevalence was reported in vision problems (45.0%). The Third highest prevalence was reported in Headache (33.9%). The highest prevalence was observed in infarction/ischemic stroke (23.9%) among the participants. The second highest prevalence was reported for brain tumor/mass lesion and cerebral atrophy/degenerative changes (13.8%). The Third highest prevalence was reported in Hemorrhage/Hematoma and Encephalomalacia/Chronic parenchymal Damage (11.0%). Hemorrhage/Hematoma showed a statistically significant association with acute neurological deficit (p = 0.044). All other findings were not statistically significant because their p-values are greater than 0.05. Cerebral Atrophy/Degenerative Changes (p = 0.032) and Calcification (p = 0.047) showed a statistically significant association with fever. All other Findings did not show a statistically significant association with fever. In this study, loss of consciousness and vision problems were the most frequently reported symptoms. Among CT findings, infarction/ischemic stroke was the most common abnormality, followed by brain tumor and cerebral atrophy. Further research should also compare CT with other imaging modalities such as MRI for more detailed evaluation of neurological conditions. Longitudinal Study should be used for better statistical analysis.
Comprehensive sonographic evaluation of testicular volume
(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Fajar Kashif; Kainat Anees; Maham Baryar; Muhammad Ali; Khuda Dad; Muhammad Seerat
Ultrasound, a widely adopted non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique, is considered the benchmark for assessing the male reproductive system. Beyond its role in fertility evaluation, variations in testicular volume can also indicate various scrotal abnormalities, making it a significant factor in comprehensive sonographic assessments. This research intends to examine the sonographic evaluation of testicular volume, specifically focusing on lower testicular volume and the multiple abnormalities linked to it. It will also explore the association between reduced testicular volume and conditions such as varicocele, hydrocele, microlithiasis, epididymal cysts, and echotexture irregularities. This retrospective quantitative study employed a non-probability consecutive sampling method, enrolling 130 patients calculated using the WHO sample size calculator (version 1.1). The study included male patients aged 19 to 60 undergoing scrotal ultrasonography for any clinical reason, provided they gave informed consent. Patients with a history of orchiotomy, testicular trauma, surgery affecting testicular structure, systemic diseases, or treatments impacting testicular function (like chemotherapy, radiation, or hypogonadism) were excluded. Patient demographic information was recorded. Archived ultrasound records and medical data of male infertile patients were analyzed to identify the relationship between sonographic findings, testicular volume, and various abnormalities. Patient reports were compiled, and data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 25. The study included 130 patients, with the highest prevalence observed in the 22-41 age group. In 86% of patients, both testes were smaller than average. 80% of patients exhibited a testicular volume of 4ml to 7.9ml in both testes. A homogeneous echotexture was present in 81% of patients in both testes, while 15-16% had heterogeneous echotexture in both. Varicocele was the most common abnormality associated with reduced testicular volume, occurring in 42.9% primarily on the left side, followed by epididymal cysts in 18.7% of patients. Ultrasonography facilitates prompt and precise diagnosis, indicating that diminished testicular volume is frequently linked to several sonographic abnormalities, including heterogeneous echotexture, vascular changes, varicocele, and epididymal issues. Consequently, ultrasonography plays a vital role in the early detection and assessment of testicular pathologies, enabling timely medical intervention and improved patient outcomes.