Shahid Rasheed2025-08-202025-08-202021https://escholar.umt.edu.pk/handle/123456789/4919This study seeks to explore the response by Muslims of South Asia to notions of political modernity in the twentieth century. I have divided the twentieth century into four separate time-frames defined by specific historical and intellectual contexts. Within each time frame, I identify religious leaders who aspired to transform the collective life of Muslims in South Asia. These people can be traditional ulama, intellectuals, Muslim modernist reformers and Islamist ideologues. Relating notions of Islamic modernism with their historical context and the agency of scholars and ulama, I attempt to develop an intellectual map of the twentieth century political Islam.enThesis