Mahvish Kabir2018-02-272018-02-272016https://escholar.umt.edu.pk/handle/123456789/2791Supervised by:Dr. Muhammad Sohail AfzalBackground: Urinary track infection is on of the most common type of infection in Pakistan. Poor knowledge about personal hygiene, lack of awareness about diet and unavailability of clean drinking water are major reasons of this infection. Varieties of infectious agents are responsible for UTI incidence but in present study E. coli and K. pneumonia were main causative agent of infection in majority of cases. This high prevalence of E. coli and Klebsiella in UTI patients is because of its resistance towards different antibiotics. These strains contains β-lactamases enzyme which provides resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Prevalence and incidence of these bacteria is different in different region of the world. In present study bacterial resistance and susceptibility has been determined in UTI produced by E. coli and Klebsiella species against different antibiotics. Method: Total 250 samples were obtained from patients suffering from urinary track infection from Genomic Research Lab and Diagnostic Center Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The samples were tested for presence of different microbial infectious agents. Samples had been tested for the presence of different pathogenic bacteria by using various kinds of biochemical test such as Gram staining, Lactose fermentation test, Motility test, Catalase test and Colony formation on MacConkey agar, Indole test, Citrate utilization test. The susceptibility pattern and resistance pattern had also been evaluated by using fourteen different antibiotics. Mullar Higton agar was used for the determination of susceptibility and resistance pattern. The susceptibility and resistance pattern had also been determined for each type of bacterial strain. The effect of each antibiotic had been tested on various samples and results were compiled to determine which antibiotic was most effective against UTI. Result: Fourteen antibiotics were used for susceptibility while ten antibiotics were selected at a cut off value of 100 samples for E. coli and 20 samples for Klebsiella, then these samples were tested and their results were compared against each type of antibiotic on E. coli and K. species. The result showed that the effect of one antibiotic against various infection agents was not same its susceptibility varies with the type of infectious microbe. Over all, the most susceptible antibiotic was Amikacin with 93.5% susceptibility while the most resistant was shown against Ciprofloxacin with 76.8% resistance. The results in case of E. coli showed that the most susceptible antibiotic was Imipenam with 97.5% susceptibility and most resistance was against Ciprofloxacin 81.7% resistance. Where as against K. species most susceptible antibiotic was Amikacin with 94.9% susceptibility and most resistant was against Tobramycin with 76.1% resistance.. Conclusion: It is concluded from the present study that the effect of each antibiotic is different with respect to type of infectious agent; therefore, it is recommended that the doctor should determine the prime type of infectious agent and its susceptibility response before prescription of any antibiotic. It will help to cure the disease in most effective way. This study confirms that the susceptibility pattern varies from person to person. More over comparison with pervious studies had shown an increase in resistance against various antibiotics. It is suggested that these kinds of studies should be conducted on the large scale to determine the susceptibility of antibiotics against each kind of infection at national level.enUTI incidence but in presentProvides resistanceMS thesisThesis