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Item Sonographic findings of ectopic pregnancy and correlation with beta HCG and maternal age(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Manail Shahzad; Khadija Ijaz; Umme Amara Khalid; Maria Maqbool; Asman Zarar; Alisha AliEctopic pregnancy is a kind of abnormal pregnancy in which fetus grows outside the uterus, ectopic pregnancy rupture is the main cause of maternal mortality in the worldwide. The present research is focused on evaluating the correlation between Sonographic findings of ectopic pregnancy with, beta hcg and maternal age. The present research employed a retrospective study design carried out during November to march 2026, among 42 women of ectopic pregnancy. Data on ectopic pregnancy of women were gathered via Performa or questionnaire. Collection and analysis of data conducted using SPSS Version 25. out of 42 patient there is no significant correlation between maternal age and sonographic findings of ectopic pregnancies while out of 42 patients, extrauterine gestational sac and tubal ring sign are significantly correlate with categories of beta hcg. According to our study, the most common type of ectopic pregnancy is adnexal ectopic pregnancy and also 1%scar ectopic pregnancy is seen in beta hcg category of greater than >3000Item Correlation of x-ray based kellgren lawrence grading with womac score in knee osteoarthritis(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Fizza Khan; Irza Asif; Hamna Mumtaz; Sweeba Zamin; Laiba Fiaz; Maira IjazKnee osteoarthritis is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases characterized by progressive cartilage deterioration of the joints ending in pain, stiffness and severe limitations to movement. The radiographic evaluation that is based on the Kellgren-Lawrence grading system is still the most widely used standard of structural severity of knee osteoarthritis. At the same time, the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) is commonly used as a patient-reported outcome measure, which encompasses the aspects of pain, stiffness, and functional condition. The current cross- section observational study was aimed at quantifying the relation between KL grading and WOMAC scores between those presenting with osteoarthritis of the knee. 93 patients were consecutively recruited from the outpatient departments of various hospitals of the city of Lahore over a three-month period by using non-probability sampling. Demographic features (age, sex, time of disease, and bilateral involvement of the joints) were recorded. Weight bearing anteroposterior knee radiograph was evaluated by a blinded radiologist using the KL classification; simultaneously, WOMAC scores were provided using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Statistical computing was carried out using the version 25.0 of the programs "SPSS statistical package." Tests of normality, namely the Kolmogorov Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk procedures, confirmed non-normal distribution for both the variables, thus supporting the use of Spearman's rank order correlation. Findings showed that there was a strong positive and statistically significant correlation between KL grade and total WOMAC score (rs = .754, p < .001) which suggested that the severity of the disease as measured by radiographic examination was concomitant with the patient's functional disability and symptoms burden. These results confirm the clinical significance of KL grading as a prognostic factor for patient reported functional outcome of knee osteoarthritis.Item Role of HRCT in detecting early lung changes in smog-exposed individuals with normal chest radiographs(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Tasneem Naeem; Saher Arshad; Farwa Sadaf; Hisseen; Aleena Shahid; Urwa FarooqObjective : To determine the frequency and pattern of HRCT parenchymal abnormalities in smog exposed patients with normal chest radiographs. To assess the association between duration of smog-exposure and severity of HRCT detected lung changes. Methodology : This cross-sectional observational study examined the frequency and pattern of High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) parenchymal abnormalities in smog exposed adults whose chest radiographs had been reported as normal, and assessed whether longer duration of smog exposure was associated with greater severity of CT-detected changes. Seventy adults residing in designated high-pollution urban zones of Lahore were enrolled from the Departments of Radiology at Itefaq Hospital and Capital Diagnostic Centre using consecutive purposive sampling. All participants had documented smog exposure of at least three years, at least one respiratory symptom, and a normal chest radiograph. Standardized non-contrast HRCT of the chest was performed and interpreted by two independent radiologists using a dual-reader protocol. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, with chi-square, Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney tests were applied. Results : HRCT parenchymal abnormalities were detected in 57 of 70 participants (81.4%) despite normal chest radiographs. Ground-glass opacity was the most prevalent finding (50.0%), followed by air trapping (32.9%), bronchial wall thickening (24.3%), centrilobular nodularity (20.0%), and interstitial changes (15.7%). Ground-glass opacity was significantly more prevalent in Barki Road residents compared to all other residential zones (81.8% versus 44.1%; Fisher exact p = 0.045, OR = 5.71). Stratification by daily outdoor smog exposure duration revealed a statistically significant dose-dependent gradient, with HRCT abnormality rates increasing from 66.7% among those with less than 4 hours of daily exposure to 95.7% among those with more than 8 hours (p = 0.038). Conclusion : HRCT detected lung abnormalities in 81.4% of smog-exposed Lahore residents with normal chest X-rays, most commonly ground-glass opacity (50%). Findings were diffusely distributed, with higher prevalence in Barki Road residents. Results show that chest radiography underestimates smog-related lung injury, while HRCT identifies significant subclinical diseaseItem Association of computed tomography (CT) brain findings with neurological symptoms in non-traumatic patients(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Laiba Kanwal; Taha Aimen; Barjees Zahra; Ayesha Mustafa; Tehreem Fatima; Saba FaizThe clinical setting (e.g., emergency department vs. outpatient clinic), patient characteristics, and the reason for performing the scan are all important factors that influence the rate of brain pathology revealed by Computerized Tomography (CT) scans. A large number of CT scans, particularly those performed for chronic symptoms such as headaches, are normal, although they are highly sensitive for detecting serious pathology. The highest prevalence was observed in loss of consciousness (47.7%) among the patients. The second highest prevalence was reported in vision problems (45.0%). The Third highest prevalence was reported in Headache (33.9%). The highest prevalence was observed in infarction/ischemic stroke (23.9%) among the participants. The second highest prevalence was reported for brain tumor/mass lesion and cerebral atrophy/degenerative changes (13.8%). The Third highest prevalence was reported in Hemorrhage/Hematoma and Encephalomalacia/Chronic parenchymal Damage (11.0%). Hemorrhage/Hematoma showed a statistically significant association with acute neurological deficit (p = 0.044). All other findings were not statistically significant because their p-values are greater than 0.05. Cerebral Atrophy/Degenerative Changes (p = 0.032) and Calcification (p = 0.047) showed a statistically significant association with fever. All other Findings did not show a statistically significant association with fever. In this study, loss of consciousness and vision problems were the most frequently reported symptoms. Among CT findings, infarction/ischemic stroke was the most common abnormality, followed by brain tumor and cerebral atrophy. Further research should also compare CT with other imaging modalities such as MRI for more detailed evaluation of neurological conditions. Longitudinal Study should be used for better statistical analysis.Item Comprehensive sonographic evaluation of testicular volume(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Fajar Kashif; Kainat Anees; Maham Baryar; Muhammad Ali; Khuda Dad; Muhammad SeeratUltrasound, a widely adopted non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique, is considered the benchmark for assessing the male reproductive system. Beyond its role in fertility evaluation, variations in testicular volume can also indicate various scrotal abnormalities, making it a significant factor in comprehensive sonographic assessments. This research intends to examine the sonographic evaluation of testicular volume, specifically focusing on lower testicular volume and the multiple abnormalities linked to it. It will also explore the association between reduced testicular volume and conditions such as varicocele, hydrocele, microlithiasis, epididymal cysts, and echotexture irregularities. This retrospective quantitative study employed a non-probability consecutive sampling method, enrolling 130 patients calculated using the WHO sample size calculator (version 1.1). The study included male patients aged 19 to 60 undergoing scrotal ultrasonography for any clinical reason, provided they gave informed consent. Patients with a history of orchiotomy, testicular trauma, surgery affecting testicular structure, systemic diseases, or treatments impacting testicular function (like chemotherapy, radiation, or hypogonadism) were excluded. Patient demographic information was recorded. Archived ultrasound records and medical data of male infertile patients were analyzed to identify the relationship between sonographic findings, testicular volume, and various abnormalities. Patient reports were compiled, and data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 25. The study included 130 patients, with the highest prevalence observed in the 22-41 age group. In 86% of patients, both testes were smaller than average. 80% of patients exhibited a testicular volume of 4ml to 7.9ml in both testes. A homogeneous echotexture was present in 81% of patients in both testes, while 15-16% had heterogeneous echotexture in both. Varicocele was the most common abnormality associated with reduced testicular volume, occurring in 42.9% primarily on the left side, followed by epididymal cysts in 18.7% of patients. Ultrasonography facilitates prompt and precise diagnosis, indicating that diminished testicular volume is frequently linked to several sonographic abnormalities, including heterogeneous echotexture, vascular changes, varicocele, and epididymal issues. Consequently, ultrasonography plays a vital role in the early detection and assessment of testicular pathologies, enabling timely medical intervention and improved patient outcomes.Item Comparative efficacy of trans abdominal and trans vaginal sonography augmented with color doppler and biomarkers in diagnosis of retained products of conception(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Javeria Ijaz; Rushmail Aftab; Noor Fatima; Gul zaib Khan; Zoya Younas; Maryam ArshadRetained products of conception (RPOC) are a frequently occurring cause of post abortion and post miscarriage hemorrhage and can cause severe maternal morbidity unless correctly diagnosed. The ultrasound is the most popular form of imaging which will be employed in assessment and the diagnostic potential of Transabdominal Ultrasound (TAS) and Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVS) in combination with Color Doppler and clinical biomarkers is among the mostimportant issues of study. In this cross-sectional study, 116 suspected RPOC patients, who had the history of clinical history, pattern of bleeding, and miscarriages documented in the past, were included. TAS and TVS were determined in all the patients with examination of intrauterine vascularity by checking color Doppler and b-hCG was determined by serum level. The mean age of the participants was 30.81 +- 6.99 years and mean gestational age at which termination was done was 13.78 +- 4.47 weeks. Confirmed RPC existed in 44.8 and the most frequent symptom of presentation was heavy bleeding (40.5). TAS was suspicious of RPIC on ultrasound in 22.4 percent of cases versus TVS which was suspicious in 44.8 percent cases. The results with statistically significant association were found between findings of TAS and TVS (kh2 = 41.244, p < 0.001), and the TVS showed the identification of further cases not identified on TAS. TAS was found to be having a moderate positive relationship with the final diagnosis (r = 0.596, p = 0.001), whereas TVS was found to be having a total agreement with the final diagnosis (r = 1.000, p = 0.001). The serum levels of b-hCG of patients with confirmed RPOC (2128.88 +- 922.53 IU/L) were significantly more than in the patients without RPOC (121.95 + 73.73 IU/L), and the difference was statistically significant (t = 15.647, p < 0.001). TVS augmented with color Doppler performed better than TAS in terms of diagnostic ability and nearest correlation with the final diagnosis. The levels of serum b-hCG were also significantly high in confirmed cases and could become a helpful supportive biomarker. The application of TVS, color Doppler, and serum b-hCG seems to be the most consistent diagnosis of retained products of conception.Item Frequency of different pathologies on CT KUB and their association with BMI in adults(UMT, Lahore, 2026) NADIA AMIN; MARYAM; FATIMA NAEEM; AROOJ FATIMA; SAMREEN SHOUKAT; USMAN ABDULLAHBackground: Computed Tomography of the Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder (CT KUB) is widely used for the evaluation of urinary tract disorders because of its high diagnostic accuracy. Body mass index is considered an important metabolic indicator that may influence the development of several renal and urinary tract pathologies. Understanding the relationship between CT detected abnormalities and body mass index may assist clinicians in identifying individuals at greater risk of renal disease. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 adults aged between 18 and 50 years who underwent CT KUB examination. Demographic and anthropometric data including age, gender, weight, and height and body mass index were recorded. Participants were categorised into underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese groups according to body mass index classification. CT KUB findings including renal stones, renal cysts, renal abscess, ureteric stones, and bladder stones and hydronephrosis severity were documented. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, and the association between body mass index categories and CT KUB pathologies was evaluated. Results: The mean age of participants was 34.8 years. Females constituted more portion than males. The BMI of obese were mostly found. Renal stones prevalent among all the pathologies but only Renal cyst was statistically significant with BMI. Conclusion: CT KUB remains a valuable diagnostic modality for identifying urinary tract pathologies. Although obesity was common among participants, body mass index showed limited association with most CT detected abnormalities.Item Patterns of uterine abnormalities and frequency of tubal blockage on Hysterosalpingography among women with primary and secondary infertility in population of Punjab Pakistan(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Noor Ul Ain; Hadia Hafeez; Mishma Mahmood; Muhammad Muneeb Nasir; Abdul Mateen; Muhammad Jawad ShahbazBackground: Infertility is a key reproductive health issue that affects millions of couples in the world and has great medical, psychological, and social implications. Among the female factors that are the most significant causes of infertility, structural abnormalities of the uterus and fallopian tubes are considered. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an imaging modality that is commonly employed as the first-line tool of assessing the morphology of the uterine cavity and the patency of tubes in infertile women. The objective of the current research was to establish the trend of uterine abnormalities and prevalence of tubal blockage identified on hysterosalpingography in women with both primary and secondary infertile women at Punjab, Pakistan. Aim: The research will attempt to evaluate the trends of uterine abnormality and incidence of fallopian tube obstruction using hysterosalpingography (HSG) on women with primary and secondary infertility. It will also make a comparison of HSG in the two groups of the Pakistani population. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study in a hospital and it was done at the Department of Radiology, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore. The study included 175 infertile women aged 18 to 45 years who had HSG to determine their infertility issues through the use of consecutive sampling. It was done based on a structured proforma; data on demographic characteristics, reproductive history, and HSG findings were collected and analyzed through SPSS. Results: Majority of the respondents were aged between 29 and 39 years (60.6), primary infertility (51.4) was slightly more prevalent than secondary infertility (48.6), with an infertility period of mainly 1-5 years (72.6). Most of them (72) had regular menstrual cycles, with the most frequent ones being 22-25 days (48.6). In 67.4, HSG revealed normal uterine cavity in 67.4 percent and abnormalities in 32.6 percent, congenital abnormalities in 26.3 percent, mostly arcuate uterus (19.4%). In terms of tube status, the right tube was found to be patent in 59.4 and left tube patent 65.1 and both proximal and distal obstructions were noted. The peritoneal spill was bilateral in the 45.7, unilateral in 31.4 and not present in 22.9. In total, abnormal HSG results were more common (74.3%), tubal pathology was the most common (32.6%), combined (21.1) and uterine abnormalities were the most common (20.6%). The type of infertility was significantly correlated with the HSG findings ( p = 0.035). vii Conclusion: The most frequent abnormal observation in infertile women undergoing HSG was found in tubal pathology especially secondary infertility. The results provide a strong case in favor of the use of hysterosalpingography as an effective and inexpensive diagnostic instrument in measuring uterine and tubal factors that cause infertility particularly in resource constrained environments.Item Prevalence of normal, premature, early and late menopause and its correlation with endometrial thickness, associated postmenopausal symptoms and comorbidities on ultrasound in lahore(UMT, Lahore, 2026) MANAL WAJID; NABEEHA QAYYUM; SEHRISH SADIQ; ISHA SHAHID; ANUMTA KHAN; HAFSA MAZHAR; AYESHAMenopause describes the period of a woman's life when she no longer has a menstrual cycle and is no longer fertile. Using pelvic ultrasound imaging, this study sough to find the prevalence of menopause types including normal, premature, early and late menopause and its correlation with endometrial thickness, associated postmenopausal symptoms and comorbidities in postmenopausal women. One hundred and fourteen patients from Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Aadil hospital and Services Hospital in Lahore participated in a cross- sectional observational study. To determine the prevalence of menopause types including normal, premature, early and late menopause and its correlation with endometrial thickness, each participant underwent pelvic ultrasound. According to the findings, normal menopause was most prevalent, accounting for 55.3% of the total population. Furthermore, the prevalence of early menopause was 28.1%, the prevalence of late menopause was 13.2% and the prevalence of premature menopause was 3.5%. A substantial correlation between age at menopause and menopause type was shown by statistical analysis using chi-square tests (p = 0.000). Significant correlation was observed between menopause type and endometrial thickness (p = 0.000). Furthermore, significant correlation was observed between hypertension (p=0.001, pItem Lower limb peripheral artery disease assessment via ankle brachial index and CT angiography(UMT, Lahore, 2026) SHAHER BANO; SYEDA TAZMEEN BATOOL; SHIZA HUSSAIN; USHNA GUL; IQRA YAHYA; WALEED ABDULLAHObjective: The primary objective of our study was to correlate ABI with CTA findings. The second main objective was to see most affected arterial segments in both males and females. Materials and Method: In this single-center, cross-sectional study, type 2 diabetic patients with suspected PAD underwent by ABI measurement and CT angiography. Cardiovascular risk factors and PAD symptoms data were recorded. Exclusion criteria included amputation, pregnant women, patient having connective tissue disorders, renal impairment. Inclusion criteria included type 2 diabetic patients, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, patient in whom ABI can be measurable. ABI measurements correlate with CT angiography detected degree of stenosis and arterial calcification to find out the association. Also, the association between genders and arterial segments were evaluated. Results: Mostly patients were of older age, presenting mostly with symptoms of exertional leg pain and then the rest pain. Few patients presented with symptoms of ulcer/gangrene. The lower limb involvement in PAD mostly bilateral and then in the left leg. There was no significant association found between genders and arterial segments. The association between ABI and degree of stenosis and ABI and CTA detected arterial calcification show the statistical significance results (pItem Lumbosacral structural changes in patients presenting with low back pain on LS x-ray and its association with clinical symptoms(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Ayesha Asim; Mahrukh Baig; Fiza Fatima; Hameed Jan; Noor Humayun; Habiba FaryadBackground: Low back pain is a musculoskeletal complaint that is commonly linked with structural changes of the lumbosacral spine. Radiographic analysis of lumbosacral area is frequently employed to detect the existence of underlying abnormalities, but the connection between radiological alterations and clinical symptoms is not clear. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the association between clinical findings and lumbosacral structural structural changes in patients with low back pain and to explore the role of X-ray in diagnosis. Methods: A cross sectional study was done on 150 patients with low back pain who had lumbosacral spine radiography. Socio demographic data and clinical features were documented. The numerical Scale was used to measure the severity of pain. Radiological evidence including the disc space reduction, osteophytes, spondylolisthesis, degeneration of facet joint, sacroiliac joint, deformity of the vertebral body, and the degree of involvement of the spine were assessed. Radiological findings, clinical variables and pain severity were found to be associated statistically Results: The average age of the sample was 46.8 years old +15.7 and 53.3 percent of the research subjects were males. 48.7% of the patients reported the presence of pain that radiated to the legs, and 51.3% of the patients suffered numbness or tingling. The average pain level was 5.62 mean with a standard deviation of 2.28 which also means an average level of pain. The most common radiologic finding was vertebral body deformity (57.3%) and spondylolisthesis (53.3%). But, the association between abnormality in radiology, clinical symptoms and the severity of pain were found to be statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The lumbosacral altered structure is typical of the patients with the low back pain, yet these changes are not always related to the severity of clinical manifestations.Item The impact of wearable health devices on overall health and wellbeing, sleep quality and psychological health of university going students(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Ayesha Asif; Beebarg Ali; Hina Amjad; Aleeha ShahzadiIn recent years wearable health devices have got popular among the university students, as they often use the wearable device to track their daily activities, their sleep pattern, and general health. But the questions yet remain about whether these devices truly improve health results for young individuals. This study compared physical health, mental wellbeing and sleep quality between students who use wearable health devices and those who do not. In a cross-sectional survey of 176 student participants aged 19-27 from different disciplines was conducted using the standardized tools, which were Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), WHO-5 Wellbeing index, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 21). The study results showed that a number of participants struggled with poor sleep and psychological distress. While wearable health device users showed slightly better trends in some areas, the deviation were not statistically significant. Overall the results suggest that wearable health devices may produce awareness of health devices behaviors but do not necessarily lead to substantial improvements. Long run studies are needed to clarify their real effectsItem Development of iron-fortified plant-based instant noodles as a healthy alternative to commercial noodles(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Esha Zubair; Kinza Ahmed; Mahnoor FatimaInstant noodles are one of the widely consumed processed foods due to their convenience and affordability, negatively impacting the health. The objective of this study was to develop iron fortified plant-based noodles as a replacement of commercial noodles and analyze their nutritional composition and consumer acceptability. An experimental study was designed consisting of five experimental groups with three replicates (n=15). G1 as control group (100% refined wheat flour), G2 as treatment 1(10% soy flour, 5% lentil flour, 3% water chestnut flour, 2% spinach powder), G3 as treatment 2 (15% soy flour, 8% lentil flour, 5% water chestnut flour, 2% spinach powder), G4 as treatment 3 (20% soy flour, 10% lentil flour, 7% water chestnut flour, 3% spinach powder) and G5 (commercial noodles). Nutritional composition of noodles was analyzed by proximate analysis and mineral analysis, phytochemical profiling was done by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and TPC (Total Phenolic Content). Sensory evaluation was performed using 9- point hedonic scale. Study results showed that crude fiber was most pronounced in G4 while G2 and G4 have highest ash content. Crude protein was comparable in G2 and G4, but lower than G1 and G5. Lipid content exhibited no significant difference among all experimental groups (p>0.05). Nitrogen free extract (NFE) was most abundant in G3 while G1 least in G1. Moisture content was highest in G4 among all treatment groups but lower than G1 and G5. The result of mineral analysis revealed that iron, zinc and magnesium were highest in G2, while calcium was rich in G4. FTIR spectra revealed enhanced water retention and stronger association between sugar, protein and lipids in G4 noodles. TPC results showed highest phenolic content in G4. The sensory evaluation revealed that G3 was most acceptable in all sensory attributes. Therefore, the study concluded that addition of plant based ingredients not only adds nutritional value and antioxidant potential but also has high consumer acceptance, so it can be used as a healthy alternative of commercial noodles.Item Online food delivery apps usage and dietary habits among hostel and day scholars students(UMT, Lahore, 2026) TEHREEM SHEHZADI; MINAHIL IDREESThe way university students access food has changed greatly because of advancements in technology, with the use of Online food delivery apps having increased among them, mainly because of convenience, lack of cooking facilities, and taste preference as well. The main objective was to find out the relation between app usage and the comparison of dietary habits between hostel and day scholars. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-developed and tested questionnaire. A total of 380 students were involved, with equal distribution in both groups. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. An independent sample t-test was conducted to compare the two groups, hostel and day scholars. And to access the association between food app usage and dietary habits, chi-square and Pearson correlation analyses were done. The results revealed that a large number (84.2%) of students use these delivery apps, most of them use them to order less than once per week. Processed food consumption intake was significantly different between the two groups (p=0.021), while no difference was found in their fast food and healthy food intake. Between ordering frequency and fast-food intake, a significant relation was found. In conclusion, the more frequently these apps are used, the more their fast-food consumption increases. Hence, it is required to promote nutrition awareness and healthier food options within the university settings.Item Nutritional and functional evaluation of chiku enriched yellow splitpea yogurt with chiku flakes(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Harram Manan; Maryam Sattar; Hiba AhmadBackground: The increase in demand of functional and plant-based diets has resulted in the development of dairy substitutes with nutritional and health benefits. Plant sources of protein, such as chickpeas, and dietary fiber, fruit sources of natural sugars, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant, such as Chiku (Manilkara zapota are some examples. Adding these ingredients to fermented products can help to add nutritional value and consumer acceptability. Objective: The study sought to develop a plant-based yogurt using yellow split chickpeas, Chiku pulp, and Chiku flakes and evaluate the sensory, physicochemical, functional, and nutritional properties of the product. Methodology: The yellow split chickpeas were converted into chickpea milk by an experimental method which was subsequently fermented by chili stick extract as a seed culture. The product was added with Chiku pulp and Chiku flakes. A sensory test was conducted on 30 panelists on a 9-point hedonic scale, physicochemical, functional, and proximal tests. The analysis of data was done using ANOVA (IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0). Results: The sensory analysis showed that Chiku flakes recorded high levels of acceptance largely on its sweetness and general rating. The Chiku-fortified chickpea yogurt supplement had a moderate level of sensory acceptance with appearance scoring the highest. Physicochemical examination indicated a pH of 4.35, titratable acidity of 0.82 percent, total soluble solids of 14.2°Brix and viscosity 1850 cP. Functional analysis showed that the total phenolic content was 62.5mg GAE/100g, the antioxidant activity was 58.3, and the dietary fiber content was 2.4. Proximate study showed that the level of protein was similar in the flakes and yogurt. Conclusion: The study shows that Chiku-enriched yellow split chickpea yogurt, comprising of Chiku flakes, could be developed as a nutritious plant-based functional food with excellent sensory properties and favorable nutritive properties.Item Comparative efficacy of transabdominal and transvaginal sonography augmented with color doppler and biomarkers in diagnosis of retained products of conception(UMT, Lahore, 2026) Javeria Ijaz; Rushmail Aftab; Noor Fatima; Gul zaib Khan; Zoya Younas; Maryam ArshaRetained products of conception (RPOC) are a frequently occurring cause of post abortion and post miscarriage hemorrhage and can cause severe maternal morbidity unless correctly diagnosed. The ultrasound is the most popular form of imaging which will be employed in assessment and the diagnostic potential of Transabdominal Ultrasound (TAS) and Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVS) in combination with Color Doppler and clinical biomarkers is among the mostimportant issues of study. In this cross-sectional study, 116 suspected RPOC patients, who had the history of clinical history, pattern of bleeding, and miscarriages documented in the past, were included. TAS and TVS were determined in all the patients with examination of intrauterine vascularity by checking color Doppler and b-hCG was determined by serum level. The mean age of the participants was 30.81 +- 6.99 years and mean gestational age at which termination was done was 13.78 +- 4.47 weeks. Confirmed RPC existed in 44.8 and the most frequent symptom of presentation was heavy bleeding (40.5). TAS was suspicious of RPIC on ultrasound in 22.4 percent of cases versus TVS which was suspicious in 44.8 percent cases. The results with statistically significant association were found between findings of TAS and TVS (kh2 = 41.244, p < 0.001), and the TVS showed the identification of further cases not identified on TAS. TAS was found to be having a moderate positive relationship with the final diagnosis (r = 0.596, p = 0.001), whereas TVS was found to be having a total agreement with the final diagnosis (r = 1.000, p = 0.001). The serum levels of b-hCG of patients with confirmed RPOC (2128.88 +- 922.53 IU/L) were significantly more than in the patients without RPOC (121.95 +- 73.73 IU/L), and the difference was statistically significant (t = 15.647, p < 0.001). TVS augmented with color Doppler performed better than TAS in terms of diagnostic ability and nearest correlation with the final diagnosis. The levels of serum b-hCG were also significantly high in confirmed cases and could become a helpful supportive biomarker. The application of TVS, color Doppler, and serum b-hCG seems to be the most consistent diagnosis of retained products of conception